Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Fruit wine drinks, received from wild-growing and cultural plants are just as good as grapes wines on content of vitamins, micro elements and on physiological impact on a human organism. Fruits and berries of wild-growing and cultural plants are suitable for all types of processing. In the article the results of research of fruits and berries of wild-growing plants (actinidia arguta, dog-rose) and cultural plants (blackcurrant, raspberry) are presented. The studied fruits and berries were picked during the several seasons (2010-2012) in the South of Primorskiy Kray of the Far East region of Russia. The purpose of the performed work is to base the possibility of use of fruits and berries of wild-growing and cultural plants as a raw material for preparation of wine drinks. Physical and chemical and biochemical indicators and indicators of safety (the maintenance of toxic elements) of the studied raw materials were researched by the standard methods in the wine-making. It is known that the chemical composition of fruits and berries juice characterizes a nutrition value of product. It is established that the corresponding correction of juice of the studied fruits and berries, according to the indicators of mass concentration of sugars and titrate acids, gives the possibility of their use in the technology of fruit wine materials. The maintenance of toxic elements in the fruits and in the berries didn't exceed the admissible values established by TR TS 021/2011. It is shown that studied wild-growing (actinidia, dog-rose) and cultural (currant, raspberry) fruits and berries have an abnormally high content of biologically active substances, the original flavoring and other advantages that confirm the possibility of their use as the raw materials for wine-making.
In the article the characteristic of grapes and wine-making branch of the Russian Federation is given, its social and economic importance is given. The historical retrospective of wine growing development in Russia is submitted. The main tendencies of branch development are established. The reasons of its stagnation and functional disproportions in the industrial wine growing are caused by negative macroeconomic tendencies; violations of the economic principles of the expanded reproduction organization and insufficiency of state regulation forms are based. The attention is focused on actual problems of branch development for import substitution. The analysis of world production of grapes and wine is carried out and the share of Russia in its structure is defined. The assessment of realization of state programs of development of grapes and wine-making branch with basis of need of increase in their resource providing is given. The need of development of domestic nursery for ensuring of increasing volume of plantings laying by high-quality landing material according to program tasks, including for import substitution is well founded. The achievements of outstanding scientists in the areas of biology, physiology, ampelografiya and enologiya are considered. The essential changes for the last decade in the domestic wine-making connected with replacement of all processing equipment and transition to new technologies are noted. Need of technologies modification on development of high-quality types of wine-making production to decrease in costs for production and safety of food products is well founded. The priority directions of scientific ensuring of wine growing and winemaking development considering solutions of actual scientific and practical tasks are defined. The purposes, tasks and subject of scientific ensuring of development of grapes and wine-making branch are formulated. The predicted technological changes in the branch on the nearest prospect and critical technologies for ensuring of its competitiveness are established.
The task of the research was to examine and identify the vegetation characteristics of interspecific grapes hybrids in the year cycle of ontogenesis for their use in breeding and production. Comparative study of interspecific grapes varieties showed that in the year cycle of ontogenesis in the agrical and ecological conditions of the South of Russia the dates of the beginning and duration of phases of their vegetation have a wide range - from early to late timing of maturation. It is shown that the duration of the vegetation period of grapes plants closely based on the biological characteristics of the environment and temperature conditions of growth. On the basis of conducted research the grapes varieties with the shortest growing season (from 140 to 150 days) and with the longer period of growing (from 156 to 168 days) are revealed. It is established that the duration of the growing season varies from year to year in dependence of their reaction on the changing weather conditions. The December, Avgustin and Pervenets of Magarach grapes have the most stable period of vegetation. These varieties are the most resistant to changes under the environmental conditions of growth. The Vostorg, the Original and the Zory of Anapa grapes have the greatest range of variation in the duration of the growing season, depending on weather conditions. These varieties are the most sensitive to the changes under the environmental conditions of growth. The closest correlation of the growing season duration of the most studied grapes varieties is established from the average daily air temperature during the period from bud open to physiological maturity of berries. It is shown, that the correlation between the duration of growing period of grapes plants and sum of active air temperature are average and high.