Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The grape-berry moth and bollworm which can significantly (on 20-100 %) reduce the productivity of vine plants on separate stages of ontogenesis are the stable harmful types of pests of Lepidoptera. For biological and ecological grapes protection against these pests the scientifically based methods to predict the dynamics of development (taking into account their harmfulness) under different weather conditions are required. Under the conditions of Krasnodar Region the biology of grape-berry moth is the most studied from Lepidoptera pests. Bollworm is polyphage and relatively new pest of vineyards. In accordance with the objective of study the monitoring of dynamics of grape-berry moth and bollworm is carried out on the plots where the number of imago of bollworm and the harmful stage of second and third generation of the pest are determined. These study are directed for obtaining of new knowledge about the biology bollworm under the influence of abiotic and technogenic factors. It is shown that pheromones may be by criterion tool to define of density of settling of plants of bollworm and a great way to refine the time of its treatments by protective means and even to be a method to reduce in number of pest. It is noted that in the fight against grape-berry moth more than 30 preparations of chemical and biological origins are allowed to use and the choice of protective means depends on the degree of settling of vineyards by grape-berry moth. When the settlement of vineyards is low the Lepidocid provides the high biological efficiency. It is established that at strong settling of vineyards of grape-berry moth the sufficient effect is provided by Pirineks, Avant, Insegar and B-58 new.
The prospects of a biological intensification of apple gardens is connected mainly with relevance of further improvement of apple assortment. Primary necessary qualities are the moderate growth, the early introduction of trees in the stable fructification with the high quality of fruits. It is specified that the successful cultivation of an apple-tree requires the further development of scientific research on creation of new varieties with high degree of adaptation to growth conditions capable to realize fully the biological potential of efficiency under the extreme conditions of the South of Russia. It serves as the purpose of our work. On the basis of long-term developments in the NCRRIH&V the mutational genetic collection of an apple-tree with a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative traits in one genome is created. The collection includes the donors and sources of single and complex valuable traits of clonal origin. It is noted that the greatest practical interest in posterity of hybrids have the low growing seedlings with healthy appearance, and a good foliage, compact crown, large fruits and early enter a fructification time. The results of study of new apple-tree clones of NCRRIH&V breeding are given in the article. These varieties are perspective for use in the breeding and technological programs of creation of high-quality adaptive apple-tree clones for intensive gardens in the Southern Region of gardening. The new clone of "Yubiley University" is allocated, it is promising for production testing in the superintensive gardens of the North Caucasus. Clonal variability of this variety remains in the 7th vegetative generations. As a result of the carried out research the genetic collection of mutational and clonal breeding of an apple-tree is remained and replenished.
The results of inheritance analysis of horizontal resistance to scab of 6508 apple-tree hybrids, 96 combinations are given in 9 crossing groups after artificial infection in an open ground under the conditions of low hills of Altai. A high norm of hybrid seedlings reaction to infection similar to reaction of super-sensitivity of immune forms is revealed. It is established that the part of hybrids, high-resistant and resistant to scab, in the groups with resistant and average-resistant initial forms, as well as in the combinations of susceptible maternal initial form and a cultivar of Mutsu (3x) makes up from 63 to 88%. On the basis of the hybrid-logical analysis it is established that sources of horizontal (polygenic) resistance are the maternal initial forms of Malus baccata 1/1, Malus baccata 23/2 forms, the Altayskiy Golubok, Altayskoe Bagryanoe, Gorno-Altayskoe, Zolotaya Tayga, Nezhnoe Zabaikalyskoe, Pepinka Altayskaya, Ranetka purpurovaya, Ranetka Yermolaeva, Souvenir of Altaya, Tolynay. So-81-907, 18-9, 32-26 and paternal - Aromatnoe, Aport ASS, Belarusskiy Sinap, Bayana, Voskhod, Zharkyn, Naslednitsa Yuga, Pamyat Esauly, Feya, Gala, Golden B, Mutsu (3x), 25-37-45 (4x), McIntosh (4x). Proceeding from the results of field supervision it is established that the hybrids which are selected for breeding garden for further studying after an artificial infectious background keep the high resistance to scab. In the 18th crossing combinations from 27 the degree of affection by a scab under the field conditions is lower on 0,1-1,4 scores, than on an artificial background, in 2 remained at the level of an artificial background, in the 7th extent of affection higher on 0,1-0,7 scores.
The article summarizes the current data as regards the actual problem - molecular-genetic control of ethylene biosynthesis in apple, directly affects the fruit quality and storability. Solution of this problem is not possible without an exact understanding of the ethylene synthesis mechanisms, reception and transmission of ethylene signal, biochemical pathways controlling the level of ethylene synthesis. Searching for actual and complex information complicated by the large number of foreign articles, considering only partial steps, regulating the level of ethylene biosynthesis. It is clear that the multiple genes has contribution to such traits, as fruit structure and storability, so the aim of this work was generalization of currently available information on ethylene biosynthesis and control. The article reviews the ethylene reception inhibitors (1 - MP and AVG), the ethylene biosynthesis pathways are considered (system 1 and 2) and the key enzymes in the ethylene biosynthesis (ACC synthase and ACS oxidase), and genes encoding these enzymes - Md-ACS1, Md-ACS2, Md-ACS3, Md-ACS5A and MdACS5B - for ACC-synthase and Md-ACO1, Md-ACO2, Md-ACO3 and Md-ACO4 - for ACC-oxidase. Ethylene signal cascading the transmission mechanisms, which include the receptors of ETR, ERS, RAN, CTR, EIN, EIN, EILs and ERF, and their molecular genetic control are reviewed. In addition, the article provides the information about genes of fruit structure, unrelated with ethylene - Md-Cel1, Md-PG1, Md-PG2 and Md-Exp7. The problems of QTL mapping, controlling fruit quality, namely related to ethylene biosynthesis are presented.
The article presents the priority directions of breeding of seed's fruit crops for gardening of South Ural: the winter hardiness, drought resistance, productivity, low growing and quality of fruits. It is noted that in the practical breeding the introduction in production of new varieties of domestic and foreign breeding is important. The gene pool of seed's fruit crops in the collection of the Orenburg experimental station of gardening and wine growing is presented by 379 variety samples: apple-trees - 161; pear-trees - 77; clonal apple-tree rootstocks - 146. It is shown that the use of this genetic fund gives the great opportunities for creation and allocation of new varieties and formation of steady assortment meeting the requirements of modern gardening. By the results of scientific research 13 varieties of seed's fruit crops included in the State register of breeding achievements. 4 varieties of the Orenburg experimental station breeding are transferred to the State variety study. On the basis of studying of genetic collection of an apple-tree, a pear-tree, apple-tree clonal rootstocks and allocation of donors and sources of valuable signs a number of the varieties and perspective hybrids are created with adaptability, productivity and high quality of fruits for further improvement of the existing assortment of seed's fruit crops. The further priority directions of breeding work on seed's fruit crops under the conditions of the changing climate are defined: the resistance to biotic and abiotic factors of the environment of cultivation, productivity, fast fructification he solution of objectives is possible by involvement in the crossings of donors and sources of the valuable signs of both domestic and foreign breeding, allocated as a result of variety study and detection of regularities of inheritance of important signs.