Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Medlar has a limited distribution in modern orchards. Industrial plantings of medlar in the Russian Federation are absent, among other things, due to low germination of seeds and slow growth of seedlings, which significantly complicates the cultivation of seedlings on seed rootstock. In 2021-2022, studies on the use of quince as a rootstock in the cultivation of German medlar seedlings were conducted at the educational and experimental field of Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University. The results of experiments with inoculation of two varieties of medlar on quince showed that during budding and spring grafting with a cuttings, the survival rate of the inoculation components and further growth of seedlings does not differ from other seed crops, the intensity of growth processes is not inferior to pear trees grafted on quince (the control variant the pear variety Talgarskaya Krasavitsa has a high degree of compatibility with quince A). On average, in 2 years for both varieties of medlar, the survival rate of grafting eyes was 90%, and grafted cuttings 83%. In the control (pear on quince), these indicators were noted at the level of 92.0 and 84.8%, respectively. The height of medlar seedlings (on the stock of Quince A) in autumn was 140 and 133 cm (depending on the grafting options), and for pears grafted on quince A 152 and 130 cm, respectively. Due to the fact that the difference in survival rate between the studied variants and the control is insignificant, it is proposed to use Quince A as a rootstock when growing seedlings of the German medlar.
The search for reliable methods for assessing the resistance of grape varieties to heat and drought is relevant in connection with the increasing climate instability in the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. The purpose of the work is to conduct electrophoretic separation of peroxidases in polyacrylamide gel in the leaves of various grape varieties, to identify varieties with increased resistance to heat and drought. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) Euro-Amur-American origin; Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS Euro-American origin; Vostorg Amur-American origin; Zarif Eastern origin; Aligote Western European origin. It was established that the qualitative and quantitative composition of peroxidase isoforms changed during the summer and had a varietal feature. In June, 4-6 isoforms were isolated for each particular variety, in August 2-4 isoforms. The Kristall variety stood out for its especially high resistance to heat and drought during the summer, both in the field and under the influence of artificial high-temperature and water stresses. This was achieved due to the multiple isoform composition of peroxidases and the constancy of their composition in response to stress. Varieties Dostoynyi, Vostorg, are highlighted as highly resistant to heat throughout the summer. The heat resistance of varieties Krasnostop, Aligote, Zarif changed during the summer period. In relation to drought, the varieties Kristall, Dostoynyi, Vostorg showed high resistance in early and mid-summer. According to the appearance and disappearance of peroxidase isoforms, the drought resistance of varieties Dostoynyi, Vostorg, Krasnostop AZOS changed during the summer. Aligote and Zarif varieties during the summer period stood out as not drought-resistant. The obtained data can be used as diagnostic criteria for assessing the degree of heat and drought resistance of grape varieties in different months of the summer period in the conditions of the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region for breeding purposes.
Most of the widespread grape varieties belonging to the European species Vitis vinifera L. are not highly resistant to environmental stress factors. On the contrary, American species are characterized by immunity to many pathogenic organisms, and are also able to grow under the influence of various abiotic stresses. Thus, the use of scion-rootstock combinations, where resistant varieties of American grape species act as a rootstock, makes it possible to increase the production and adaptation potential of a more susceptible scion. This work presents the results of a three-year study of the influence of scion-rootstock combinations of grapes on the resistance of grape plants to abiotic stress factors in the summer period in the conditions of the North-Western Ciscaucasia. Two varieties Kishmish vengerskiy and Kishmish luchistyi were studied on rootstocks Ferkal and Paulsen, as well as own-rooted plants. To assess the adaptive potential of grapes, the physiological and biochemical parameters of the leaves were analyzed, namely, the water regime, chlorophyll content and the level of electrolyte leakage. The weather conditions were obtained from a stationary weather station in the grape growing zone. The results showed that the scion-rootstock combinations Kishmish vengerskiy - Paulsen and Kishmish luchistyi - Paulsen are characterized by the highest values of the water and chlorophyll content in the leaves. The weather conditions of the summer period during three years were characterized by the presence of extremely high air temperatures and insufficient amount of moisture compared to long-term averages. To such conditions, the grafted forms of varieties Kishmish luchistyy and Kishmish vengerskiy proved to be the most adapted than own-rooted control plants. The obtained data allow to conclude that it is expedient to use the Paulsen rootstock for Kishmish luchistyy and Kishmish vengerskiy varieties in the conditions of the North-Western Ciscaucasia in order to increase the adaptive potential of these varieties to the stress factors of the summer period.
In 2016-2022, the effectiveness of the systematic use of foliar treatments of Merlot and Chardonnay grape varieties with aqueous solutions of biomineral preparations was investigated in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Gelendzhik subzone of the Krasnodar region. The modernness of the research is due to the innovative composition of the preparations used, which are an energy reserve for plants, combining the properties of an inducer of immunity and a source of mineral nutrition. The research methodology is focused on solving the practical problem of optimizing the nutritional regime and stabilizing the functional state of the grape plant, which determine the weight and quality of the crop. In this regard, the solution of scientific and practical tasks was carried out using the biological method (single-factor field experiment), as well as measuring and weighing, biometric, laboratory, comparative calculation methods. The effectiveness of systemic use of biomineral preparations in ampelocenosis by a foliar method was evaluated according to the criteria: the load of the bush with fruiting shoots, the number of inflorescences per bush, the functional state of plants, seasonal dynamics of shoot growth, bunch weight, yield capacity, qualitative characteristics of the yield, economic component. It was found that systematically applied preparations contributed to an increase in the number of fruiting shoots per bush in the Merlot variety by 11-28 % in 2018-2021 and in the Chardonnay variety by 4-16% in 2016-2021 in comparison with the control variant (without foliar application). The number of buds with the highest productivity against the background of foliar treatments of plants was higher by 4.2-5.3%. The tendency to exceed the number of inflorescences per bush persisted in plants throughout the study period. A decrease in fruit cast by 5-7 % was revealed. There was an increase in the content of physiologically active substances in the leaves of shoots. The analysis of the dynamics of grape yield capacity allowed us to consider the reception of foliar treatment as a way to realize the potential productivity of plants in unstable environmental conditions. The mass of the bunch annually exceeded the values of the indicator in the control variant by 2.3-16.5% (Merlot grape variety) and 3.8-21.9% (Chardonnay grape variety). The sugar content of berry juice was higher by 1.5-2.7 g/100 cm3.
This article presents the results of the study and systematization of the main ash elements and acid composition of varietal dry white wines made from grapes grown in the conditions of the Anapa-Taman and Central zones of the Krasnodar region. The relevance of the research is due to the lack of large data sets of indicators of authentic wine products to establish significant correlations and develop automated models for assessing the quality and authentication of wines, including with regional and varietal identification. As objects of research, varietal dry wines produced from white grape varieties grown in the conditions of the Kuban zone were selected: Aligote, Bianca, Viorica, white Muscat, Pervenets Magaracha, Pinot Blanc, Riesling Rhenish, Siberkovyi, Sauvignon Blanc, Traminer, Tsitronnyi Magaracha, Chardonnay, etc. The wines were made using the same technology of low-oxidized pure white wines (100 % from one grape variety, hand-picking). Wine studies have been conducted annually since the 2013 harvest. The data were grouped as follows: mass and molar concentrations of equivalents of titrated acidity of wines, in terms of tartaric acid; total acidity, basic organic acids: tartaric, malic, succinic, citric, acetic, lactic; cations of alkaline and alkaline earth metals: potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium; mass concentrations of ash and its alkalinity by varieties, grape harvest years and zones. It is shown that the minimum mass concentration of ash in genuine dry white wines produced in the Kuban zone is 0.86 g/dm3 , the minimum alkalinity of ash is 15.1 mmol-eqNaOH/dm3 . The results of the research will accelerate the rapid search and analysis of information for the development of a system of identification, quality control and establishing the authenticity of wine products with regional affiliation.