Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article presents the data on ampelographic screening of vegetating seedlings of Don autochthonous grape varieties. To describe morphological features we used Method of testing for distinctness, uniformity and stability of grapevine (Vitis L.) and the OIV descriptor a descriptive guidance for encoding of ampelographic features and properties of any phenotypic individuals of grapevines. It allowed us to systematize the studied features, unify and bring them into compliance with international requirements. The article provides information about the most common grape varieties in the northern viticulture zone of the technical direction of use Denisovsky, Kaberne severnyi, Saperavi severnyi. These varieties are included in the State register of breeding achievements approved for use. The description of morphological features was performed when the length of the grafted grape seedling shoot was 50-70 sm. In accordance with the method, the following definitions were used: the top of a young shoot, a shoot, a young leaf, and mature leaf. Morphobiological study of the features of grafted vegetative grape seedlings was carried out in the conditions of Novocherkassk. An ampelographic description is given. It is noted that the morphological characteristics of vegetating seedlings differ significantly from the morphological characteristics of adult fruit-bearing bushes, some features differ in modification variability and depend on the growing conditions. The information obtained as a result of the research can be used for testing vine nurseries and creating pure-grade plantings.
The article presents the results of scientific research of the candidate of the Department of Commodity Science, Food Technology and Public Catering of the Dagestan State Agrarian University and her mentors on the commercial quality and structural and mechanical properties of fig fruits grown on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan. The article provides a description of 3 varieties of figs grown in the Magaramkent region of the Republic of Dagestan. Data on the mechanical properties of fig fruits in the conditions of Southern Dagestan are presented for the first time. The studies were carried out according to standard generally accepted methods in accordance with the research requirements of GOST 34322-2017. Green figs. Specifications. The result is the determination of commercial quality: organoleptic indicators appearance, shape, condition of the fruit, taste, aroma, the presence of rotten, wilted, moldy, rumpled with excessive moisture berries; physical and chemical indicators size and weight, cross diameter of the fruits of three studied varieties of figs (Urozhayny, Brunsvik, Cherny Pozdny). Based on the results, it can be concluded that all the studied varieties belong to the first commercial variety, and the Brunsvik variety is a large-fruited berry. The average weight for all varieties is 68.13 g. The study of the chemical composition of fig fruits suggests that along with fresh consumption, all the studied fig fruits are valuable raw materials for canned products. Fig fruits can be used to prepare various food products preserve, compotes, jam, pastille, fruit pita bread, dried fruits, etc.
Chrysanthemum × hortorum is an important flower-decorative culture. The collection of garden chrysanthemum of the Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences is represented by 62 varieties of domestic and foreign breeding, as well as more than 200 hybrids obtained at the Centre in different years. Since 2006, breeding studies have been carried out at the FRC SSC RAS, the purpose of which is to create decorative, adaptive, productive varieties with different flowering periods, unusual shapes and colors of inflorescences for universal use. Objects of research are a hybrid fund obtained from 10 combinations of inter-varietal crosses and 7 groups of hybrids from free pollination with known maternal varieties. As a result of the research, the nature of the inheritance of decorative features of the inflorescence, such as the type of calathid, the shape and color of the ray flowers, as well as the shape of the leaves, was determined. It has been established that 80 % of seedlings from the studied combinations have inflorescence color different from parent varieties. The form of ray flowers in most cases is a neoplasm. The leaf shape of most hybrid seedlings in 70 % of the studied crosses differs from the original parental plants. Hybridological analysis of the offspring made it possible to identify promising combinations of crossing, such as: ♀ 'Izetka Bernstein' × ♂ Zh-10-10, ♀ 'Izetka Bernstein' × ♂ M-187-1, ♀ 'Mona Lisa White' × ♂ M-182- 1, ♀ 'Sadko' × ♂ 'Amber', ♀ 'Amber' × ♂ 'Sadko', 'Amber' × 'Sadko', 'Symphony' × 'Tigerreg'. Varieties 'Harlequin', 'Symphony', 'Mona Lisa White', 'Izetka Bernstein', 'Sadko' were selected as sources of economically valuable traits.
The article presents the results of research on the effect of foliar fertilizing of the technical grape variety Rkatsiteli with the organomineral fertilizer "Renovation of the Protection brand" on the yield and its quality. The purpose of the research was to establish the optimal application rate of the drug per 1 hectare of vineyard. The research was carried out in OAO AF "Yuzhnaya" of Temryuksky district at the Chernomorets branch on a grafted, fruit-ing, stemmed vineyard, with the formation of a two-sided horizontal cordon. The scheme of the experiment included three application rates of the drug per 1 hectare of vineyard 1, 2 and 3 kg/ha. Control variant was without processing. Foliar fertilizing was carried out three times in the phase of isolation of inflorescences and 15 days after the second and third. The flow norm of the working fluid was 800 l/ha. Records and observations were carried out according to generally accepted methods in viticulture. It was revealed that at all application rates of the fertilizer, there was a significant increase in the mass of the bunch, an increase in the yield from the bush and the yield capacity of plantings. However, the greatest excess of indicators compared to the control occurred at the application rate of the drug 1 l/ha, where the mass of the bunch increased by 17.8 %, and the yield from the bush and yield capacity, respectively, by 22.8 and 23.0 %. The sugar content in berry juice increased by 0.9 g/100 cm3 in this variant. The influnce of the use of nonroot Fertilizers on the concentrations of the main indicators of the quality of wine materials was determined the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol, mass concentrations of volatile and titrated acids, sulfur dioxide and the reduced extract, as well as pH. An increase in the reduced extract was found in all variants of the experiment. The application of foliar dressing did not fundamentally affect the concentration of organic acids. There was an increase in the tasting score by 0.2 points in the variant with the use of "Renovation of the Protection brand " in a concentration of 2.0 g/dm3
The article presents the results of studying the keeping quality of varieties and breeding forms of apple trees of autumn and winter maturation periods, natural weight loss during storage in an unregulated gas environment in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Crimea. Breeders and fruit growers are faced with the task of breeding and introducing into production new varieties with high adaptability to growing and storage conditions suitable for modern intensive plantings in connection with the government's import substitution policy. Rational selection of genotypes for storage is one of the most effective ways to reduce losses during storage. The study of keeping quality was carried out in an unregulated gas environment at a temperature of +2 º C, and a relative humidity of 85-90 %. The determination of diseases during the storage period was carried out visually, according to the determinant of plant diseases. The keeping quality is genotypically determined, and different storage modes cannot change the general orientation of the fruit ripening process, but affect the intensity of its passage. It is necessary to take into account varietal (individual) reaction to a certain temperature regime when selecting the assortment of apple varieties to be laid for long-term storage. Keeping quality is due to genetic characteristics, but it is more influenced by the conditions of the growing season, the timing of removal, post-harvest processing of fruits, the stability of the storage regime. Genotypes that are able to maintain high commercial and consumer qualities of fruits are highlighted among the presented variety samples. The use of the selected genotypes as initial forms in obtaining new varieties will allow to create a new generation of adaptive varieties suitable for growing conditions in the south of Russia and increased storage potential in an unregulated gas environment.