Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The need to increase the production of resistant to phylloxera high-quality varieties for ensuring the increasing of profitability of vine and winemaking industry is growing now. The results of work of breeding department of the Anapa Experimental Station of Vine growing and Winemaking for improvement of grapes assortment, creating forms steady against a root phylloxera are presented in the article. Degree of stability of the European grapes varieties to a phylloxera in the Anapa region of Krasnodar Region was researched. On a provocative background 300 varieties most extended in the viticulture areas of our country are tested. The varieties of the Black Sea area show the most resistance to phylloxera under these conditions. From the assortment of grapes varieties the Fillokseroustoychivy Dzhemete was allocated who was almost completely steady against a root form of a phylloxera. This variety was served as a parental form of new perspective grapes varieties. The conducted research allowed to allocate from hybrid fund of Anapa Experimental Station the perspective hybrid forms which except the resistance to phylloxera possess the high frost resistance, the long period of planting productivity, the high duality of fruits. The bushes of the allocated grapes hybrids are characterized by the strong growth and good ripening of shoots (70-75%). Average productivity of grapes orchards is 130-140 c/hectare. During research the new hybrid forms consistently were giving a quality harvest and possess a good sugar accumulate. The specified grapes hybrid forms are characterized by high quality of received wine material with an average tasting assessment of 7,8-7,9 points. These forms can be recommended for transfer to the State varieties testing of the Russian Federation with their further reproduction and distribution to all viticulture regions of Russia.
The ability of certain species of plants to take from the soil and to accumulate the microelements, especially of ions of heavy metals, in the various parts has the great importance for cleaning of the land plots polluted by heavy metals, as result of active use of pesticides and agrichemicals. The Paulowniya tomentosa can have value for these purposes. The purpose of research is to estimate the economic and biological potential of Pavlovniya as the bioindicator of degree of soils contamination in the areas of its growing. The analysis of microelements content in the different parts of aulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Stend.) are conducted for assssment of its economic and biological potential. It is established that Paulownia assists to concentrate in the wood the significant quantities of ions of heavy and rareearth metals Sr, Mn, Ba, Cs etc. The Paulownia in the different periods of vegetation accumulates the different number of microelements. Fresh juicy shoots, leaves and flowers of plant contain the high quantity of iron, especially in the first half of plant's vegetation. The content of zinc is also high in the summer, but in the end of vegetation its quantity falls sharply. The accumulation of these elements in the plant depends from their soil content and biological access. The results of the conducted research testify that the Paulowniya tomentosa can be used as the biological indicator of degree of soil contamination in the places of its growing. Search of the plants capable to participate in a fitoremediation of lands is the one of the perspective directions of modern research in ecology. These research have the search character and testify about need of more detailed studying of potential opportunities of a pavlovniya tomentosa, first of all from the economic point of view.
Among infectious diseases of vine the wide spreading fungal pathogens are the most known, including mildew. Vineyards in the Delta of Volga are in a sanitary zone, so the use of pesticides in these plantings is limited. Identification of the most effective fungicides against mildew of new generation, among fungicides allowed for use in this area, was the purpose of our work. The experiences were conducted by techniques of experimental work. Grapes varieties (Osoby ranniy and Rizamat) of early and middle period of maturing were researched. Under the conditions of the Delta of Volga by the results of the conducted research it is established that in the years of epiphytotic mildew development on susceptible of grapes varieties the considerable part of a crop is lost and its quality gets worse. In the years of poor or average mildew development the varieties accurately differ according to their resistance to disease. The Osoby ranniy grapes was more resistant against mildew defeat. The biological efficiency of Ridomil Gold and Meteor fungicides are studied. Each time the Ridomil Gold is used in a dose 2.5 kg/hectare, the Meteor 3,5 kg/hectare. The outlay of working solution is 1000 litre/ hectare. It is proved that in the years with inferable conditions for decease development the efficiency of fungicides is 55-48%. For soil and climatic conditions of the Delta of Volga the most effective scheme of processing of grapes plants by fungicides is offered. This scheme promotes crop's preservation and improvement of berries quality. It is established that double spraying of grapes plants by Ridomil Gold with following double spraying by Meteor preparation lead to 25 % crop increase. At the same time the average mass of bunches and berries are increased.
Grapes varieties are considerably differ on a susceptibility to harmful organisms and protection of plants requires the various frequency rate of application of protection means. Now the much attention is paid to a foundation of plantings of table grapes varieties in the farms and it is expediently to place them rational on the plots for implementation of effective protection of vineyards. The work's purpose is to scientifically justify the principles of placement of table grapes varieties at new squares in the South of Russia. The results of long-term inspections of vineyards of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. Field resistance of the zoned and perspective grapes varieties to harmful organisms is shown and frequency rate of plants processings by fungicides against causative agents of diseases is given. The influence of quality of a landing material on its survival is noted. The resistance of grapes to harmful organisms was studied in the Anapas Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking, the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station and at the Kuban State Agrarian University. The grades of injuriousness of harmful organisms are determined by the standard techniques. Quality of landing material is estimated on external traits, existence of pathogens and survival of plants. It is established that grapes survival depends in strong degree on defeat of saplings by a bacterial cancer. For grapes protection against phytopathogens it is necessary during vegetation to conduct from 1-2 till 10-12 and more processings by fungicides, so it is inexpedient to select to one massif the varieties with various resistance to harmful organisms. The principle of grapes varieties selection for placement to one massif are the terms of maturing and uniform technology of plantings protection from harmful organisms. It is necessary to organise the new plantings by a landing material free from a bacterial cancer.
Ecological protection was gained the development as the direction of integrated protection of fruit plants. Ecological protection foresees the use of the less ecologically dangerous means of protection, the moderate use of biologically active agents is sometimes possible also. The concept of ecological protection for industrial apple-tree gardens of the Southern Region of Russian Federation is developed by E.S. Sugonyaev. This concept is adapted for conditions of the southern region and it allows to receive fruits crop of commodity quality without use of chemical organic-synthetic pesticides of a wide range of action. Various approaches and methods of ecological protection of apple-tree gardens were tested in our research in the field experiments conducted in the gardens of intensive type of the Experimental farm "Kuban" of the Kuban State Agrarian University in 2007-2013. During carrying out of the program of ecological management (PEM) the main attention was paid to value of alternation of preparations and methods with various or similar properties. The application of compositions of bioregulators and biological products in the tank mixes is the basis of PEM. It is established that the application of ecologically low dangerous means of apple-tree protection promotes the activity of regulation of harmful insect's species at the biocenosis. The conducted experiments to stabilize of ecosystem of apple-tree garden showed that 3-4 treatments by regulator's growth and development of insects in composition with biological preparations provide the protection of fruits crop against codling moth. The conclusion follows that the application in the apple-tree gardens of low toxic biological preparations, and also regulators of growth and development of insects, leads to increase of biological diversity of entomologic fauna and it promotes the stabilization of an agric system and the activity of natural regulation of number of harmful species of insects.