Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The aim of the work is to assess the influence of natural and climatic factors the nitrogen composition of red table wines from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes growing in the Derbent District of the Republic of Daghestan. Objects of research the samples of red table wines: No. 1 harvest 2017, No. 2 harvest 2018. The wines were made at Derbent sparkling wine factory. The yeast strain S. cerevisiae VKPM Y-4270 was used for fermentation. The study of amino acids and nitrogenous substances in the wine materials was carried out using capillary electrophoresis on devices of the "Kapel 103" and "Kapel 105"series. Physical and chemical parameters were determined by standard methods used in enochemistry. The volume fraction of ethyl spitre was 11.3 and 13.0 % vol. in the studied samples, the mass concentration of titrated acids was 5.0 and 6.0 g/dm3, respectively. The concentration of nitrogenous compounds in the analyzed samples was established: the mass concentration of total nitrogen is 146 and 184 mg / dm3, ammonium ions 3.1 and 3.2 mg/dm3, and protein 8.5 and 10.1 mg / dm3, respectively. The protease activity of the S. cerevisiae strain VKPM Y-4270 was studied, it varied from 127 cu (sample 1) to 138 cu (sample 2). 15 amino acids were identified in the experimental samples of wine, the mass concentration of which was: sample 1 4952.68 and sample 2 1672.78 mg / dm3. The amino acid proline, as an important protein building material for the cell, prevailed in all samples, its amount in 2018 wine is 3.1 times higher. Of the essential amino acids in the same wine sample, an increased content of methionine, lysine, histidine, isoleucine, and tryptophan was found. The wines under experiment had a fairly high tasting rating and a high biological value.
Knowledge of the seasonal development of introduced plants allows us to assess their adaptive potential in the new growing conditions, the prospects of their cultivation, and also is an important component in the development of cultivation technologies. In the period from 2012 to 2018, the features of seasonal rhythms of the development of alternative species of evergreen ground cover lawn-forming plants of the genus Liriope Lour. and Ophiopogon Ker Gawl. Under the conditions of humid subtropics of Russia were studied. The studied taxa are characterized by a long growing season (March-December) with growth peaks in the spring (April-May) and autumn (October-November) months. Under the humid subtropics of Russia, the objects of research go through all stages of development, which allows us to conclude that they are adapted to climatic conditions when they are not fully consistent with the ecological optimum of the studied taxa. High winter hardiness and drought tolerance of the studied representatives of the genera Liriope Lour and Ophiopogon Ker Gawl. in the region of research were noted. However, high air temperatures in the summer period against the background of insufficient moisture supply can lead to a short-term growth suspension. Significant differences in the timing and duration of flowering and fruiting compared to natural areas were found. In research region conditions, a shift of these phenophases to a later date with a decrease in they duration is noted. This fact indicates that the conditions of the humid subtropics of Russia are not fully consistent with the ecological optimum of the studied plants and causes a decrease in the productivity of generative reproduction. Against the background of oppressed seed reproduction, high vegetative reproduction efficiency was noted. This fact meets fully the need for planting material and decorative plantings formation. The research results confirm the prospects of plants of the genus Liriope Lour. and Ophiopogon Ker Gawl. under consideration for wide cultivation in the conditions of the zone of humid subtropics of Russia.
Modern research Japan quince, as the fruit crops, returned to him with interest and in ornamental horticulture. The main problem of negative attitudes towards Japan quince in the landscaping of the South of Russia connected with the use of planting material of seed origin, that is, not the varietal. This constrains its mass use in gardening. 20 varieties of Japan quince, as a blossoming shrub, were studied and evaluated. The most decorative are nine varieties: 2 varieties of Ch. speciosa 'Umbilicata Kermesina, 5 varieties of Ch. × superba Crimson and Gold, Ernst Finken, Grenade, Clementine, 'Orange Trail', and 2 varieties of Chaenomeles × vilmoriniana Afterglow, Vedrariensis. It is shown that the flowering period of chaenomeles under the conditions of damp subtropics of Russia lasts from late November to May. Based on phenological observations, early (Clementine), medium (Kermesina) and late-flowering (Vedrariensis) varieties were identified. Low - growing henomeles include 'Orange Trail', medium-sized Grenade, tall Ernst Finken. Recommended for use in gardening varieties have flower color of white (Afterglow), orange ('Orange Trail'), pink (Umbilicata), red (Crimson and Gold) and multicolored (Vedrariensis). The study of biological characteristics of Chaenomeles varieties has shown their different relationship to environmental factors, among which the main importance is relation to drought. In the humid subtropics of Russia, preference should be given to Chaenomeles speciosa, as well as its hybrids Selection of this beautiful-flowering shrub in order to obtain highly ornamental and resistant varieties in the South of Russia is an actual and promising direction of scientific research.
The wintering period and exit from dormancy are of great importance for the subsequent vital activity of grape plants. Induced dormancy is characterized by a number of specific physiological and biochemical changes. The aim of this study was to characterize the photosynthetic parameters, the carbohydrate composition of chlorophyll-containing vine tissue in the period of exit from dormancy. Studies were conducted on grape hybrids of TANA 33 (intraspecific hybrid V. vinifera), TANA 42 (interspecific hybrid V. vinifera and V. amurensis), TANA 68 (interspecific hybrid of V. vinifera and American varieties). TANA 42 and TANA 68 are non-freeze-sensitive hybrids, and TANA 33 is freeze-sensitive hybrid. The studies were carried out in February and March. Content of carbohydrates, photosynthetic pigments, the photochemical activity and the content of MDA in the vines were obtained. Physiological differences between grape hybrids with different freeze resistance during the induced dormancy were revealed. The lowering of the air temperature to moderate negative values have had a weak influence the manifestation of oxidative stress in non-freeze-sensitive hybrids, and a steady increase in the content of MDA was observed in freeze- sensitive TANA 33. The content of photosynthetic pigments in the vines cannot serve as an indicator of freeze- tolerance but this parameter was closely associated with the temperature changes. The effective quantum yield of PS Ⅱ in February was significantly lower for the freeze-sensitive TANA 33, however, the differences between the varieties disappeared after the onset of sap flow. The quantum yield of PS Ⅱ was depended on the temperature changes. The adaptation of non-tolerant grapes probably accompanied with the transformation of starch into soluble carbohydrates, which was not typical for frost-resistant varieties.
Monogenic scab resistance is important breeding trait of apple-tree. The use of molecular markers allows us in the early stages of ontogenesis to determine with high reliability the presence of the necessary genes in the genome and to reduce the time of the breeding process. The present study shows the results of the DNA analysis of apple hybrid seedlings on Rvi6 and Rvi4 genes of monogenic scab resistance. The biological objects of the study were apple initial forms of Akademik Kazakov, Bylina, Valuta, Imant and Kandil' Orlovskiy and also the seedlings of combinations of crosses Bylina × Kandil' Orlovskiy, Kandil' Orlovskiy × Bylina, Valuta × Imant, Valuta × Akademik Kazakov. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the fresh apple leaves using the CTAB methods according to DArT. The Rvi6 gene was identified with SCAR marker AL07. The presence of Rvi4 gene was detected with the multiallelic SCAR marker AD13. The joint inheritance of characteristics these genes in hybrid combinations was analyzed. The average number of apple seedlings with the genotype Rvi6+Rvi4 on analyzed combinations of crosses were 34.8%. Identified forms combining dominant allele Rvi4 with Rvi6 gene in the homozygous dominant state (Rvi6Rvi6) in genome: 3-11-4, 3-11-33, 3-11-46 (Bylina × Kandil' Orlovskiy), 31-11-17, 31-11-25, 31-11-42 (Kandil' Orlovskiy × Bylina), 9-12-9, 9-12-30 (Valuta × Imant), 6-12-23, 6-12-24 (Valuta × Akademik Kazakov). The largest number of hybrid seedlings combining the Rvi4 gene with Rvi6 gene in the homozygous dominant state was identified in the combination of crosses like Kandil' Orlovskiy × Bylina (11.6%), the smallest number in the hybrid combination of Valuta × Imant (6.4 %).