Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In the South of Russia, one of the most promising direction of apple tree breeding is the creation of high-quality varieties, immune and resistant to scab, which are the basis of domestic biological resources of culture under the import substitution conditions. The purpose of this research is the search, mobilization and conservation of the apple genetic resources for study, conservation and use of the biodiversity of cultivated plant forms in breeding and production. The study were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and variety study. Objects of research are the apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The following parameters were studied: early ripening, weak growth, regular fruiting, yield, resistance to the main fungal pathogens (scab and powdery mildew), fruit quality, including large fruiting. As a result of carried out research 9 genetic varieties of the apple tree (Retinda, Reakta, Remo, Resi, Retina, Resista, ZIVG-198, Nesterova's Memory, Stella) were stored and they replenished the genetic apple collection. The brief characteristic of these varieties is given. The valuable apple genotypes of different ploidy are distinguished: the sources of early fruit bearing and weak growth, and winter hardiness, combining the immunity to scab with high field resistance to powdery mildew, and also with late blossom (allowing to avoid the spring frosts). In the course of the research work, the valuable sources of the main agrobiological signs of the apple tree have been identified. Two new donors of immunity to scab are created in NCFSCHVW together with All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding elite form of 12 / 1-21-12 and Granatovoe variety (from the family Aidared x Balsgard 0247E) fast fruit bearing, drought-resistant, yielding, with fruits of high quality and winter ripening.
As a result of the long-term work at All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, the apple assortment substantially increased in the central zone of Russia. The cultivars of Veteran, Orlik, Orlovskoye Polosatoye, Sinap Orlovsky, etc. are wide spread. Scab immune cultivars have been released; their resistance is controlled by Rvi6: Imrus, Veniaminovskoye, Bolotovskoye, Zdorovie, Kandil Orlovsky, Solnyshko and Svezhest. These cultivars have winter maturation and are wide used in commercial and home gardens of the Central Chernozem Zone. The assortment was replenished with new winter apple cultivars that combine a scab immunity (Rvi6) with a triploid chromosome set (3x), including the varieties of Aleksandr Boiko, Vavilovskoye and Rozhdestvenskoy and the summer apple varieties, including Zhilinskoye, Maslovskoye and Yablochny Spas. The results of the study of the major economical and biological characteristics of Academician Saveliev (ELS 31-36-149) apple cultivar accepted for the state test are given. This cultivar was obtained as a result of the target crossing Veniaminovskoye x 25-35-144 (Wealthy tetraploid x Papirovka tetraploid). The study was carried out on the plot of the primary study of Institute in 2010-2017 where the studied selected and elite seedlings were grafted in the crown of 3-4-98. The scheme of planting was 4m x 2m. The study was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methodology of variety investigation and winter hardiness study in the field and laboratory. It is established that the triploid cultivar of Academician Saveliev is superior to the control of Antonovka Obyknovenna-ya in fast fruit bearing, yield capacity, and the regularity of fruiting. This new apple variety is resistant to scab, winter hardy in Orel Region, and bears high-marketable fruits of winter ripening.
In spite of the effectiveness of breeding and the availability of new zoned sweet cherry varieties in the different regions, the problems of the improving the existing assortments are still relevant. In this regard, it is necessary, among the variety diversity, to search for a valuable source material created under various environmental conditions. The article presents the results of long term work for the breeding of sweet cherry culture in the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making. Priority spheres of breeding study are shown, the main of which are: breeding for winter hardiness, resistance to the main fungal diseases, early and late ripening, improving the quality and marketability of fruits. In the process of the study carried out, the value of initial forms of different ecological-geographical origin was determined when creating the new sweet cherry varieties with valuable breeding and economic characteristics. Based on the results of the work done, the promising combinations of crosses that enhance the effectiveness of breeding work have been revealed. A positive example of the use of introduced varieties of sweet cherry of different ecological origins in hybridization is the new varieties obtained in the NCFSCHVW Mak, Dar Izobilia (Melitopolskaya Chior-naya υ Franzuskaya Chiornaya), Sashenka (Kavkazskaya x Melitopolskaya Chiornaya), Utro Kubani (Kavkazskaya x Franzuskaya Chiornaya). The necessity of sweet cherry varieties introduction of different ecological-geographical origin for carrying out an effective breeding is proved. With the use of introduced sweet cherry varieties in the breeding process, a group of new sweet cherry varieties has been identified, which make it possible to optimize the assortment in the conditions of Southern gardening. It is shown that there are big reserves in the region for improving and replenishing the standard assortment with local varieties well adapted to growing conditions and with fruits of high taste qualities.
For import substitution of table grapes in our country, it is especially important to introduce the new large-berry varieties from early to late ripening, providing a continuous grapes conveyor for harvesting. The search for new donors, the selection of effective combinations of crossing, ensuring the receiving of elegant table varieties is an urgent task in the breeding of grapes. In this study, there were 14 initial forms of grapes and a hybrid fund of 3704 seedlings of 40 combinations of crosses. It has been shown that Flora x Nakhodka Mariuopolya (28.4 %), Flora x Richelieu (43.9 %), Podarok Zaporozhye [Talisman x (V-70-90 + R-65)] x Richelieu (63.9 %) have the highest breeding value by maturity date. The use of the genetic conformity of dark color dominance over the lighter color led to the creation of populations with a sufficiently high breeding value from 23 to 100 %. The highest breeding value on the sum of signs is noted for the combination of Podarok Zaporozhye x Richelieu (252.9). Highly valuable crosses are selected, which allow to select the most promising parent pairs. There are the Flamingo x Arcadia, the Podarok Zaporozhye x Richelieu, Flora x Nakhodka Mariupolya. A model of the table grape variety is developed according to the maturation period, which includes the main features that determine the phenotypic elegance of table grape genotypes: the mass of berries; mass of bunches; form of berries; coloring of berries. The creation of domestic grape varieties that are competitive on the world market was the result of scientific cooperation. These varieties have gained a high reputation among the vine growers and they are widely spread in Russia and Ukraine.
At the present stage of studying the genetic grape resources, the DNA profiles addit the traditional ampelographic descriptions, agrobiological and economic characteristics of varieties and serve as a basis for reliable identification of genotypes, therefore, in order to solve the priority tasks of vine breeding, it is necessary to mobilize and conserve the genetic resources, with the creation of an electronic database. Ampelographic collections are very important in the preservation and use of the gene grape pool, in these collections the work is constantly carried out to introduce varieties, to study of their agrobiological, phonological and economic features, to identify the promising ones from them, and to select the donors for use in breeding work in order to obtain the new competitive varieties. In the Anapa ampelographic collection with the participation of the laboratory of variety study and preservation of the grape gene pool of NCFSCHVW the DNA-certification of grape varieties is carried out, a collection database has been created. Among the features of the software platform there is the search for samples in the database for a number of parameters, displaying a common list of samples and displaying the detailed information for each variety separately. Services for calculating and analyzing of agro-biological and phenological observations data, analyzing the safety of buds after wintering of plants according to bushplaces in an ampelocollection have been realized. The DNA certification was carried out for the grape varieties of AZESVW breeding the branch of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW (10 varieties), the varieties of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW (9 varieties) and 4 well-known European varieties, which will be integrated into a united database. The obtained DNA-passports of varieties in practice can be effectively applied to determine the clean varieties in the planting material and in the grapes orchards, to define the parental forms of the sample, as well as in the disputed questions of the variety authorship.