Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The grape industry is among the leading in the agro-industrial complex of Dagestan. In 2021, 219 thousand tons of grapes were harvested in the republic. About 70 % of the yield is raw materials for the production of alcoholic beverages. Autochthonous varieties are often used to produce high-quality wines along with introduced grape varieties. The chemical composition of wines is an important indicator of their taste, aroma and health benefits. The presence of amino acids, especially essential ones, in natural wines indicates their functional orientation. The purpose of the research is to determine the qualitative composition and quantitative content of amino acids in experimental samples of wine materials for dry wines made from the technical varieties of the grapes Gimra Novaya, Pervenets Magaracha and Fioletta, grown on the plain in the southern viticulture zone of Dagestan. The presence of amino acids was determined in four prototypes of red and pink wine materials using the capillary electrophoresis system "KAPYeL-105", OOO NPF LUMEX. The method of measuring the mass concentration of proteinogenic amino acids (MVI M 04-38-2004, St. Petersburg, 2004) was used. From 7 to 11 amino acids are identified, among which partially replaceable is arginine; conditionally indispensable tyrosine and essential valine, leucine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine. A significant amount of the substituted amino acid proline was found in red wine material from the Gimra Novaya variety 145.3 mg/dm3 . Also, a significant amount of partially replaceable arginine was found in pink wine material from the Pervenets Magaracha and Fioletta varieties 3.9 mg/dm3 . The composition and concentrations of representatives of amino acid pools identified in new wine materials from grapes of the local breeding varieties Gimra Novaya and Fioletta, as well as the introduced variety of the Pervenets Magaracha, grown in terroir located on the Caspian plain of southern Dagestan, indicate that these wines are functional products. The use in optimal doses of table dry wines formed from these wine materials will be useful for normalizing the activities of various systems of the human body.
The results of studies of the aromatic complex of dry red wines from Cabernet Sauvignon, Dostoynyi, Satsimler grape varieties grown in the Kuban are considered. The studied wine samples were produced by heat treatment of the pulp and the introduction of a complex of components with high antioxidant properties (sulfur dioxide, Tannin SR Terroir, ascorbic acid, Glutarom). It was found that during the heat treatment of pulp with the introduction of antioxidants, it promotes greater formation and extraction of favorable aroma-forming components while reducing components that negatively affect the aroma, such as ethyl acetate, methanol, isobutanol and isoamyl alcohol. The introduction of antioxidant agents ascorbic acid, Glutarom, as well as their combination with sulfur dioxide, regardless of the method of maceration of the pulp and grape variety, in most cases, contributed to a decrease in the mass concentration of acetaldehyde, diacetyl, ethyl acetate, the total amount of higher alcohols and aliphatic acids. At the same time, the change in the mass concentration of acetoin was associated either with an increase in its content due to conversion from diacetyl, or with a decrease in its amount by reduction to 1,3-butylene glycol. It was revealed that the highest quality of slightly oxidized dry red wine materials made from grapes of the studied varieties was obtained as a result of the use of a combination of antioxidant agents sulfur dioxide, ascorbic acid and Glutarom at a concentration of 80 mg/dm3 , 100 mg/dm3 and 250 mg/dm3 , respectively, for both technological schemes for the production of table dry red wine materials from grapes of the studied varieties, which is confirmed by the tasting assessment of wine materials. Thus, by introducing a complex of antioxidant agents, it becomes possible to obtain low-oxidized dry red wines and regulate redox processes occurring both at the stage of grape processing and during its fermentation and ripening.
The innovative technology of osmotic dehydration of plant raw materials in combination with the modern method of canning will make it possible to obtain finished products with improved organoleptic properties, nutritional value and use it as a BAS in various food products. Osmotic dehydration technology is based on the immersion of food products in various osmotic agents with different concentrations. The main studies in osmotic dehydration are the concentration and temperature of the osmotic agent. The osmotic dehydration method is also recommended to be used in combination with other methods of preservation and freezing, which allows to obtain the final product with improved nutritional value. The concentration of osmotic Agent (sucrose solution) of 60 % and 70 % and various temperature regimes at 20-30 ºC, 30-40 ºC and 40-50 ºC were studied. It has been established that the temperature and concentration of the osmotic agent is the most important indicator in osmosis technology and affects the rate of moisture loss during osmosis. The drying time of osmo-dehydrated berry raw materials is reduced by half due to the lower moisture content after osmotic dehydration. Studies have shown that the resulting osmo-dehydrated dried berry products can be combined into various food products for enrichment with biologically active substances. It was found that the enriched flour confectionery product contains 383,37 mg% potassium, 30 % more calcium, 42 % more iron than in the control products. Flour confectionery is enriched with ascorbic acid by 100 %, carotene by 93 %, nicotinic acid contains 1,6 times more than in the control sample.
The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of small-flowered climbing roses in the conditions of southern Russia. The purpose of the research is to identify the most promising areas for vertical gardening in the central subzone of the Krasnodar region based on the results of a comprehensive assessment. 14 varieties were studied from different garden groups: Hybrid Wichurana (H. Which) 9 varieties, Hybrid China & Climbimg Hybrid China (Cl HCh) 1, Hybrid Musk (H Msk) 2, Hybrid Sempervirens (H Sem) 1, Hybrid Multiflora (H. Mult) 1. Plants grafted on rootstock Rosa canina L. (R. canina) are grown without cover in winter. Soils leached, low-humus super-powerful chernozems, pH 6.8. The comprehensive assessment includes an assessment of the decorative value of varieties on a 100-point scale and an assessment of economic and biological properties on a 50-point scale. According to the Methodology of the state variety testing, the assessment of decorative value is carried out according to 10 main characteristics: flower color, flower size, flower shape and inflorescence, terry, aroma, resistance of flowers to adverse weather conditions, bush habit, originality, abundance of flowering, condition of plants. Instead of the feature Condition of plants, it was proposed to introduce the indicator Duration of flowering (permanent flowering capacity) with a conversion factor of significance 3. This is due to the fact that modern varieties of small-flowered climbing roses have new characteristics of the Flowering phase. When assessing the decorative value of varieties that have received a total of at least 75-85 points, they are considered promising. The following varieties received high scores when evaluating decorative features: Felicite et Perpetue (84), Super Elfin (83), Super Doroty (82), Guirlande d´Amour (91). The assessment of the economic and biological properties of varieties of small-flowered climbing roses is proposed to be evaluated by five features (drought resistance and heat resistance, winter hardiness, disease resistance, self-cleaning, growth rate of the bush) within 50 points. The maximum scores on the results of the assessment of economic and biological characteristics were noted in the varieties: Bobbie James (42), Filipes Kiftsgate (41), Guirlande d´Amour (44). According to the results of the research, the varieties that received a comprehensive assessment of 120 points and higher are among the most valuable and promising for mass reproduction and introduction into the practice of gardening in the south of Russia. The highest scores were observed in the varieties Felicite et Perpetue (122), Super Elfin (122), Guirlande d´Amur (135). The proposed system of criteria for evaluating the decorative and economic-biological properties of varieties allows us to more objectively identify the most valuable varieties for practical use.
The studies were carried out in accordance with the programs and methods of breeding and variety study generally accepted and developed at the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the Center for Collective Use Research and Breeding Collection of Genetic Resources of Horticultural Crops (CCU RBC GRHC). The objects of research are varieties and forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The aim of the study was to evaluate the allelic polymorphism of microsatellite sequences in the genome of collection specimens of the genus Malus Mill. as a starting material for further breeding. Genotyping of 48 apple varieties (of which: 44 diploids and 4 triploids) of the genetic collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW was carried out using 12 SSR markers: CH04c07, GD12, CH03d07, CH02C09, CH01h10, GD96, CH04e05, GD100, Hi02c07, GD147, CH01f02, CH02c11. Markers have been established that have: the largest number of alleles GD12 (18 alleles); the smallest number of alleles CH01h10 and Hi02c07 (10 alleles); the largest number of effective alleles CH01f02 (9.018) and CH02c11 (9.366); the smallest number of effective alleles CH01h10 (3.499). According to the diversity index, loci CH01f02 and CH02c11 were identified as having the highest allelic polymorphism. The grouping of the studied 48 apple varieties was performed based on the results of genotyping for the two most informative markers (CH01a02 and CH02c11) and cluster analysis. The highest average allele length (2480.40) is in the varieties included in the third cluster, then in the second cluster (1019.66), in the fourth cluster (819.65) and in the first cluster (603.28). 4 groups consisting of 7, 3, 22 and 16 varieties, respectively, were formed according to the average length of alleles. The results of the analysis of this sample of apple varieties are important for solving the problems of structuring the gene pool and further breeding studies.