Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Clonal rootstocks should contribute to improving the economic and biological characteristics of varieties, to show the adaptability to abiotic stress factors, to increase in the yield of plantations. Where guaranteed irrigation is not possible, the clonal rootstock for sweet cherry in Southern Russia can be Magaleb cherry or Antipka, which naturally show the high drought tolerance. The purpose of our work is the selection of a highly productive clonal rootstock for sweet cherry from the forms of Magaleb cherry selected by the high rooting rate with lignified cuttings. These clonal forms of Antipka, have been tested since 2015 for compatibility with the zoned Alexandria variety. 28 tested rootstock forms can be divided into groups according to the growth vigor, as dwarf, medium and vigorous growth. The rootstocks of C-85, C-3, ANT B/N 5, ANT 213, Jermuk 30, C 18, ANT A 30, ANT self-fertile 17 and ANT 14-21-33 stand out as dwarf. Testing of variety-rootstock combinations with the participation of Antipka forms showed that rootstock propagated by cloning contribute to early sweet cherry maturity, that is not the case with seed propagation. The manifestation of early maturity is noted in variety-rootstock combinations with the participation of ANT 1/148 9/10, ANT C 36, ANT b/n 13, ANT A 30, C-3, C-18, on the fifth year of growth a yield are of 9.8; 12.3; 10.4; 10.3; 12.3 and 15.1 kg, respectively, twice of the RVL 9 control rootstock 6.5 kg. The analysis of the specific productivity of the stem cross section characterizes the trees on the tested rootstock forms C 18 0.27 kg/sm3, ANT self-fertile 17 0.23 kg/sm3, ANT C 36 0.19 kg/sm3, ANT × Maaka 9-8 0.16 kg/sm3, as highly productive at a young age. The trees on these rootstocks correspond to the assigned 5×2 m planting scheme and the KGB formation system.
Brief characteristics of the five promising breeding of blackberry forms with a complex of economic and valuable features identified during the study under the conditions of the Orel region (VNIISPK) is given. Four of them are obtained from the open pollination of foreign cultivars of Loch Ness, Black Satin and Cheyenne; the fifth form is created by crossing the Caucasian species of Rubus caucasicus L. with the American cultivar of Thornfree. The studies were carried out according to the conventional methods on the well-cultivated plot using a support trellis and winter shelter of experimental plants with a white synthetic material with a density of 60 g / m2. The selected blackberry seedlings are superior to the released cultivars on a number of traits: the Agawam cultivar on the quality of the berries, being inferior in winter hardiness, the Thornfree cultivar on winter hardiness and some indicators of the quality of the berries and early ripening, being inferior in productivity. As complex origin of a number of economically significant features, these genotypes can be used in the further breeding process. Thornfree × R. caucasicus L. is of value for harmonious ripening, regularity and intensity of shoot formation, high self-fertility and viability. The seedlings from the open pollination of Cheyenne and Black Satin blackberry can serve as origin of high taste quality of berries, early and continuous ripening and winter hardiness. The seedlings from the open pollination of Loch Ness 4 and 13 are perspective in breeding for sweet taste of berries, transportability and lack of plant thorns. The studies have shown that both traditional crosses and open pollination, which can give new genotypes with high indicators of economically valuable traits, can be used in the creation of new blackberry cultivars to obtain a diversity of breeding material. It is noted that the involvement of wild species with valuable traits in the breeding process is promising.
The breeders of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking carry out a large and relevant work aimed at breeding the new high-quality and productive technical grape varieties adapted to local climatic conditions, with high productivity and quality indicators, as well as tolerant to the most dangerous vermin the phylloxera. This article presents the results of the study of elite grape hybrid forms of technical direction, including the newly selected to the elite forms of the last year. Every year the phenological observations and agrobiological calculations, ufologically and chemical analyses are carried out with selected hybrid forms. The data obtained allow us to identify the most productive forms with high quality of final products for further development of new varieties and transfer them to State testing and introduction of them into production practice. Long-term comprehensive research of grape hybrid forms of the technical direction allowed us to distinguish ten hybrids into the elite. The studied hybrids have high productivity indicators: the coefficient of fruiting was 1.0-1.2, the coefficient of fruitfulness 1.3-1.4, the yield per bush 6.7 kg on average. These hybrid grape forms have good annual vine ripening rates (up to 83 % in 2019). In addition, they are much superior to the mechanical composition of bunches of control varieties. This is especially concern for the ratio of combs and berries, juice and pulp with skin and seeds. This allow to suggest that these elite grape hybrid forms can be the title of a variety, that is, they can be submitted to the State variety testing.
This article shows the results of research work carried out within the framework of the RFBR grant project (agreement No. 19-416-230025) and the agreement on scientific cooperation between the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture, and Winemaking and the Federal State Budgetary Institution Utrish State Nature Reserve. As a result of research carried out, the wild grapes were found in the tracts of the Vodyanaya Shchel and Lobanova Shchel on the territory of the Utrish Nature Reserve, unique in its natural and historical conditions (the ancient human settlements) in the number of 16 populations, the vine of which is visually tolerant to the effects of abiotic and biotic environmental factors. It is found also 5 populations of wild grapes along the banks of the Kuban river, similar in appearance to cultural grapes. Morphological and biological study of the vegetative and generative spheres of grape plants founded and genetic analysis of the apical part of young shoots was carried out to identify and establish the origin of the studied forms. A detailed description of their ecological growing conditions is made. The samples were taken from wild vines for genetic analysis. Wild grape plants in the studied territories have significant differences in the morphology of vegetative and generative organs. Particularly it is concern to such features as color, shape, leaf pubescence and gofference, the tops forms of the young shoot, the depth of the leaf upper cuts, the shape and depth of leaf hollow, the shape of leaf sheet cogs, color of skin and pulp of the berries. The most variable were the next sings: the openness of the top of the young shoot, the shape and pubescence of the lower side of the leaf formed.
The grapes belong to the order Rhamnales, the family of Vitaceae or Ampelidaceae, which is divided into two subfamilies: Lecoidaceae and Ampelideae. The latter subfamily includes the genus Vitis. where there are about 40 Asian species, plus another 30 American species belonging to two subgenera: Muscadinia and Vitis. It is believed that the center of diversity of wild grapes is located in the Middle East, from the Anatolian Peninsula to Transcaucasia and Hyrcanus. Nowadays, wild grapes are widely spreaded throughout Eurasia, covering the territory from Portugal to Turkmenistan, and from the banks of the Rhine to the Northern forests of Tunisia. In Azerbaijan, wild grapes are found in the Samur-Divichin and Lankaran lowlands, Western and Eastern parts of the Greater Caucasus, northern, central and southern parts of the Lesser Caucasus. Phylogenetic patterns suggest the emergence of the genus Vitis L. in the North America, the fragmentation of the ancestral area in the Miocene, the formation of modern species in the Late Miocene-Pleistocene and the differentiation of species as a result of Pliocene-Quaternary tectonic and climatic changes. The emergence and development of wild grapes in Azerbaijan is evidenced by the prints of a leaf of wild grape Vitis sylvestris Gmel., discovered by archaeologists in the Upper Pliocene on a stone near the Araks River of the Zangelan Region, near the village of Mindzhivan on the border with Iran. The purpose of this work is to analyze data on the origin, current distribution and taxonomy of wild grapes obtained by various taxonomists and to contribute to a number of discussion issues in this area.