Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The gene pool of grapes of the Anapa zonal experimental station of Viticulture and Wine-making (AZESV&W) includes introduced varieties from various ecological and geographical places of growth, which are used annually in breeding work. Plant breeders of the Station are actively searching for new sources of economically valuable traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors on the ampelographic collection of genetic resources of grape culture. The proposed article contains the main results of scientific research on the identification of new sources of breeding-valuable traits among grape varieties of ampelocollection. The objects of research were grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin from the AZESV&W gene pool. Traditional and improved breeding programs and methods were used in the study. As a result of the research, some features of the reaction of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical groups and maturation periods to atypical conditions of the growing season of 2021 have been revealed. There are 4 sources of valuable traits among grape varieties, namely, one variety for phylloxerostability Pierrel; two varieties for large-berry trait the Daughter of Nimrang and Arkadiya; seedlessness Pamyat Dombkovskoy. The main purpose of this kind of research is the creation of new varieties, clones and hybrids of grapes, providing an increase in the hardiness of the agrocenosis and the stability of fruiting, the introduction of which into production can increase the profitability of growing grapes by increasing the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the yield. These source varieties are annually examined for phenological and agrobiological characteristics. Varieties with high indicators of economically valuable traits are actively used in hybridization to obtain new high-quality grape varieties.
The work is devoted to a comprehensive agroecological analysis of the territory of the Crimean peninsula for favorable conditions for cultivation of grapes. The regularities of spatial variation of eight agroecological factors that characterize the heat and moisture availability of the territory are studied: the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC to the sum of temperatures above 10 ºC, Huglin and Winkler indices, the average temperature of the growing season, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, amount of precipitation for the year and the growing season period. The factors are grouped according to the principle of similarity of the patterns of their spatial variation. The main agroecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of cultivation of grapes are considered: the average of the absolute minima of air temperature and the sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC. Based on the revealed patterns, digital distribution maps of the studied factors are constructed. Using GIS technologies, an overlay analysis of complex maps of heat, moisture availability and frost hazard of the territory was carried out with the mutual overlap of maps and the separation of ampeloecotopes of one group by the boundaries of ampeloecotopes of other groups. Territories that are not suitable for vineyards due to unfavorable orographic and soil onditions, as well as lands belonging to the nature reserve and forest areas, have been identified and excluded. On the territory of the Crimean Peninsula, 27 ampeloecotopes with varying degrees of favorability for cultivation of grapes with a total area of 1672.6 thousand hectares have been allocated and a digital map of their placement have been built. The obtained results can serve as a basis for agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticultural and wine industry of the Republic of Crimea.
The article considers the relevance of creating an electronic database of quality indicators of authentic red wines produced in the Krasnodar region. The database contains information on the physicochemical parameters of high-quality red wines produced in the Krasnodar region, of the following categories: wines with a protected geographical indication (PGI), with the designation of the region of production; wines with a protected appellation of origin (PAO), indicating the vineyard/small area of production (municipality, rural settlement); wines with the prospect of being registered as wines with PGI or PAO. Information about the producer, the name of the wine, the varietal composition of grapes and the year of harvest is presented. The physicochemical parameters of wines are represented by the mass concentration of inorganic cations (K+ , Na+ , Mg2+, Ca2+) and anions (Cl , SO4 2- ) obtained using the method of high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) on the apel 105M device (Russia); microelements (Sr, Rb, Ti) using the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy on the Kvant.Z device (Russia); phenolic substances, including anthocyanins using the spectrometry method; as well as chromatic characteristics and their calculated indicators (intensity, shade, yellowness and color coordinates in the CIELab system). The proposed database contains empirical data obtained by scientists of the scientific center "Winemaking" and the Center for Collective Use of High-Tech Equipment of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in 2020-2022. As a result of the research and development of a database of quality indicators of authentic red wines produced in the Krasnodar region, a certificate of state registration No. 2022620910 dated 04.21.2022 was obtained. The database i s intended for the accumulation, operational search, storage and analysis of information, and also creates the basis for the development of a quality control system for wine products with geographical affiliation
The development of methods for determining the adaptive ability of plants to adverse abiotic and biotic factors is an important direction in many fields of science (ecological genetics, epiginetics, genetics of quantitative traits, biochemical genetics, ecological genetics, plant immunity, physiology, phytopathology, etc.). The study of plant microbiota allows a comprehensive assessment of their adaptability, similar to studies conducted on animals. The characteristics of the plant itself, the stage of its development, the reaction of the host and endophyte to external conditions affect the composition and structure of the endophytic community. These complex interactions play a role in the manifestation of the plant's phenotypic traits, including its ability to adapt to ad-verse abiotic and biotic factors. Combined breeding and biocontrol strategies are necessary to maintain the balance of ecosystems. Testing of rootstock forms of small-stone cultures showed the presence of endophytic microorganisms in the internal tissues of stem explants. Among the isolated bacteria, representatives of the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus dominated. Fungi were represented by necrotrophs (Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium). Endophytic bacteria showed antagonism to isolated pathogenic fungi. It was revealed that in genotypes with a high level of adaptation to abiotic and biotic adverse factors, fungal pathogens are isolated from internal tissues in less than 15 % of all tests. Bacteria predominate and are detected in more than half of the tests. Therefore, it is important to determine the nature of the effect of endophytic bacteria on plant tissues by the degree of their necrotization in the presence of the studied microorganisms. According to the indicators of bacterial and fungal microbiota development, as well as the degree of necrotization of plant tissues under the influence of endophytic bacteria, the most promising genotypes were identified among the studied rootstock forms of small-stemmed cultures: VSL-2, 3-93, 5-40, 3-21, 3-110, 11-17, 5-44, 10-13 (2009 - 2010); Gisella D, Gisella 5, 3-76 (2021).
The purpose of the article was to study the effect of inverse transfer preparations of the resonant frequency range of heteroauxin for obtaining own-rooted grape seedlings. An analytical review of methods for carrying out the transfer of resonant frequencies with parametric characteristics of biological processes is carried out. The potential of using an electromagnetic field with fixed spectral characteristics of the frequencies of chemical and biological preparations for their processing of biological objects is revealed. The effect of inverse transfer preparations of the resonant frequency range of heteroauxin on the regenerative processes of the processed planting material during the production of own-rooted grape seedlings was found. As a result of the work carried out to establish possible options for removing the frequency spectrum of a native preparation with specialized technological equipment, its applicability for obtaining and using a modulated low-intensity electromagnetic field in the production of own-rooted grape seedlings is shown. The indicators of regenerative ability rooting and shoot formation for two-buds oneyear-old cuttings of the Citron Magaracha grape variety were studied. The resonant frequencies of the native heteroauxin, taken from the preparation in inversion, in the experiment performed the role of modulating for the carrier, the main spectrum of operating frequencies, which in our case were the so-called Schumann waves. The control was a sample of the carrier (water) processed by the carrier frequency spectrum used by the equipment. Positive results have been obtained from the use of an inverse preparation of the resonant frequency spectrum taken from the native heteroauxin as a medium stimulating the ability of plant tissues to regenerate. The increase in the rooting ability index in all variants of the experiment proved to be the main one, while the positive dynamics of the change in the indicator of shoot-formation of grape cuttings revealed itself to a small extent. The previously formulated working hypothesis about the manifestation of the similarity principle in the application of the obtained resonance-frequency preparations of heteroauxin has been confirmed. A high degree of efficiency of mass-produced specialized equipment in relation to the tasks being solved is determined. The key algorithms for the creation of transfer preparations of native chemical substances are proposed. Further confirmations of the previously identified laws of water treatment as a carrier of the resonance frequency spectrum of the initial preparation were received.