Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The study of the nutrition regime of fruit plants by means of the analysis of indicators organs is a traditional method in agrochemistry, aimed at optimizing the methods of fertilizers application. The nature of the research is due to the increase in precision of modern fertilizer application technologies and the improvement of the fruit crop cultivation system. For this reason, we con-tinued the study of the apple nutrition re-gime on the weakly grown rootstock of domestic breeding in connection with the application of various types a nd doses of fertilizers. The problem of optimizing the mineral nutrition of apple trees for SK4 rootstock in a seasonal development cycle was studied in 2014-2017 on an example of Prikubanskoe variety. The experiments were carried out in the central zone of the region (EPF Tsentralnoe, Krasnodar) using standard methods and GOSTs. For the main application to the soil, the organomineral fertilizer "Universal" was applied, annual foliar fertilizing was made with the complex fertilizer "Akvarin" of various types in the spring-summer period. It is established that the reserve in the garden soil of the available compounds of elements against the background of fertilization and top dressing contributed to their more active consumption by plants. The dynamics of changes in the content of macro- and microelements in the apple-tree leaves during the formation of the crop depended on the fertilizers used and the area of tree nutrition. The yield capacity in some years increased by 65,0 % with the scheme of trees planting 4,5 x 0,9 m and 53,2 % with the scheme 4,5 x 1,2 m. The data obtained indicate the sufficient responsiveness of the studied variety-rootstock apple combination for additional mineral nutrition, and the efficiency of this measure is higher in the garden area with a tree den-sity of 4.5 x 0.9 m.
The most important direction in the nursery farming is the study of the effect of various bioeffective preparation and fertilizers that can influence the rooting and stimulate the metabolism of plants in order to increase their productivity and resistance to stress factors during the growing season. The top dressing of solutions of mineral fertilizers, which ensures the rapid entering of mineral elements into plant tissues and almost complete assimilation by the plant, is the promising field of research. The main goal of all agrotechnical activities carried out in the nursery is to increase in the yield of standard seedlings, that is, the stimulation of the formation of plants of such height and diameter of the stem that meet the industry standards. The statistically significant increase in the average values of the signs was established in the work with improved methods of gooseberry reproduction, with the use of new-generation preparation to control the quality of planting material. The influence of growth biostimulants and humic fertilizers on the efficiency of gooseberry reproduction in the mother nursery by the method of horizontal layers has been studied. The data of the dispersion analysis of gooseberry plant in the process of treatment with preparations showed the significant influence of the variety genotype on the number of shoots per bush, the number and the total length of the roots, the growth of shoots, and the diameter of the stems. A significant contribution to the variability of the year conditions and the variety genotype was observed in the growth of shoots, the number of roots and their total length. With the help of the correlation coefficient, the dependence of the increase in the yield of planting material from five biometric indices is proved: the diameter of the steams, the number of roots, the growth of shoots, the total root length, and the number of shoots per bush. Statistical analysis showed the significant variability in the responsiveness of gooseberry genotypes to drop dressing with various humic fertilizers and growth biostimulators.
The ability of Zircon, Epin-Extra and Siliplant in the tank mixtures with pesticides to improve their absorption and transport to the targets of action makes it possible to improve the safety and economic efficiency of protective measures in the grapes cultivation. These preparations improve the photosynthetic indexes of plants, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, activate the expression of genes responsible for the destruction of the active substance of pesticides. The article presents an analysis of experimental data demonstrating the action efficiency of growth regulators of Epin-Extra, Zircon, Siliplant-U and Siliplant-D on various grape varieties. The facts confirming the expediency of their use in tank mixtures with pesticides for increase in their efficiency, improving environmental safety and profitability of grapes production are presented. As a result of numerous and diverse research on the use of Zirkon, Epin-Extra, Siliplant on fruit-bearing grapes plantings, it has been established that their efficiency varies depending on the concentration of the preparation, its quantity and time of treatments, and also on the specific characteristics of grape varieties. The total length of shoots on grape bushes increases in 21,5 % (Karamol variety) f rom a single treatment of Epin-Extra and in 12,7 % (Kishmish Rjzovy variety); when Zircon processed twice, the length of shoots of the grape variety of Codryanka increases in 51 %. Zirkon and Siliplant-U are more effective for shoots ripening. The total positive ef-fect of the studied preparation and microfertilizers is explained by a significant additional harvest of grapes (actual yield increases in 25-30 %) and conditionally net income. In addition, an increase in the yield of high-quality virus-free planting material is provided and the pesticide load in the plantations is reduced.
The presence in the soil of aggressive chemicals, under the conditions of a permanent anthropogenic factor, reduces the activity of microbiological activity and biochemical processes. The ability of pesticides to bioaccumulate activates the processes of soil degradation and pesticide's migration in the ecosystem of soil-plant-grapes. The structure change of the upper fertile soil layer, the aggressiveness of toxic chemicals in relation to microbes increases in its degradation. The purpose of this work is to study the mechanisms of biotransformation of the degraded ampelocenoses soil. The objects of research are the industrial grape orchards of the technical grape variety of Cabernet-Sauvignon, the vineyard's soil, the grapes, toxic residues, biofertilizer and the agric ways of the soil matenance in the vineyards. The technogenic load was estimated according to the pollution degree of the ampelocenoses ecosystem (soil-grapes) by toxic elements. The determination of toxic residues was carried out according to generally accepted procedures using chromatographs: gas "Color 500 M", liquid "KNAUER" and atomic absorption spectrophotometer "Kvant-AFA". The biochemical composition of the grape must was determined by the method of capillary electrophoresis using "Kapel-104T" and "Kapel-105". The degree of microbiological efficiency and decomposition of biomass of bio-fertilizer + EM-1 + mezga was determined taking into account to the number of bacteria and actinomycetes in the soil of experimental plots after one-year application of pulp with organic fertilizer. In the process of research, the mechanisms of biotransformation are established, due to soil enrichment with complex biofertilizer, which activates the processes of formation and functioning of soil biocenosis, ensuring the decay of persistent toxic chemicals. The number of actinomycetes increased by 3.0 % and bacteria by 15.5 %, the concentration of toxicants in the soil decreased by 35 % (spring) and by 57 % (autumn). The content of nutrients (organic acids) in the grapes increased from 7 % to 17 %.
Increased interest in terroir wines determines the relevance of research aimed at studying the influence of technological factors that form the distinctive features of products. The aim of the research was to study the effect of yeast strains the quality of red sparkling wines. Objects of research are the sparkling wines from the Don aboriginal grape variety Tsimlyansky black. The control was the sparkling wine, obtained from the Saperavi grape growing in the same area. This publication presents the results of study of the chemical composition, physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of sparkling wines obtained from the Tsimlyansky black grapes using the different yeast strains during the primary fermentation stage. It has been revealed that a distinctive feature of sparkling wines from this grape variety is low acidity (average 5.3 g / dm3), as well as a low concentration of phenolic (average 681 mg / dm3) and coloring (average 64 mg / dm3) substances. It is shown that sparkling wines obtained using the yeast of Meganom-3 strain were the most pronounced typical (frothy and sparkling) properties and the most intense color. The use of the Odessa black-SD-13 for primary fermentation promoted the production of sparkling wines with a low concentration of acetic acid and acetaldehyde. This sample was highly appreciated by tasters. An analysis of the obtained results of study showed that the maximum foam volume index depends more on the varietal characteristics than on the yeast strain used for the primary fermentation. A correlation between the maximum foam volume and the mass concentration of polymer forms of phenolic substances is established.