Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The deterioration of the environmental situation necessitates the use in the human diet of ingredients that have increased detoxification activity against toxicants of various nature, including lead, one of the most toxic and dangerous heavy metals, extremely common in the environment. It seems relevant to use raw materials of plant origin to implement the task, including sugar beet pulp, a secondary product of sugar production, which contains a fairly large amount of dietary fiber. The purpose of this work is to improve the technological regimes for the production of dietary fiber from sugar beet pulp with a high sorption capacity for lead ions. Combined sorbents from sugar beet pulp were obtained according to the technology modified by the authors. The process of extracting dietary fiber from sugar beet pulp was studied using pre-treatment of raw materials with an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field. Technological regimes for the production of combined sorbents of plant origin with high detoxification activity with respect to lead ions have been experimentally established. The binding capacity of solutions of combined sorbents was assessed by the trilonometric method modified by the authors. Optimization of technological regimes with the help of mathematical programming methods has been carried out. The obtained optimal technological regimes make it possible to reduce the cost of energy resources spent on the technological process by reducing the duration of thermal hydrolysis-extraction. In comparison with the traditional method, the developed technological mode allows increasing the binding capacity of the final product with respect to lead ions by more than 20 %.
Comparative biometric characteristics of organs in the male part of the flower stamens, anthers and connective, in 50 seedless grape varieties grown in the ampelographic collection at the Agrarian University, Plovdiv, were carried out. 100 measurements of the parameters of the male organs of the flower were made: the length and width of the stamen filament, anther and connective. The collection of flower buds from inflorescences was carried out in the phenophase of flowering. They are conventionally divided horizontally into three groups: the base covers the first few branches of the inflorescences; the middle branches in the middle part of the inflorescences; the top the upper parts of the inflorescences. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied, through which relatively homogeneous groups of objects were established. Clustering was carried out using the method of intergroup communication, and the quadratic Euclidean distance was chosen as a measure of proximity. The reason for its use is the proven high coefficient of the contingent in comparison with other clustering methods and measures. With the help of dendrograms, the step-by-step unification of individual objects into clusters (groups) is graphically presented. It was found that in each group of indicators forming variants: the base, middle and top of the inflorescence, there are statistically proven differences between individual varieties and high variability. Depending on their location, they are distributed in sixteen generalized clusters at the base of the inflorescence, in the middle in four and at the top in seven, and each of them is made up of several subclusters, which include varieties of different names and numbers. The absence of proven differences in a holistic comparison between all the data on the variants base : middle : top, confirms the ampelographic proximity of the studied seedless grape varieties, most likely due to the type of parthenocarpy. Mathematically proven morphological features of stamens, anthers, and connective tissue can be used in botanical description and identification
The limits of the modification variability of the phenotypic trait the grape yield of the introduced varieties Occidentalis negr. Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Blanc and Chardonnay have been established. The studies were carried out according to observations for the period from 1997 to 2011 in the changeable weather conditions of the moderate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the first viticulture sub-zone (BS1) of the Krasnodar region on the southern chernozems. In the studied area, the average annual air temperature for the 15-year observation period was +12.3 ºC, during budbreak (April) +10.9 ºC, vegetation (April September) +19.5 ºC, active growth of grape berries (II June III August) +23.9 ºC, ripening berries (III August II September) +20.7 ºC. For individual years, the temperature varied in the range of +11.013.7 º, during budbreak +8.313.4 º, during the growing season +18.421.0 º, active berry growth +22.525.8 º, grape ripening +19.622.0 º. The studied grape varieties annually experienced stress from the maximum air temperature during the period of active growth of grapes (+3438 ºC) and four times from the minimum during forced rest (-20-24 ºC). Variations in weather conditions caused variability of modification phenotypic traits in grape plants. Paired correlation analysis showed that the modification variability of grape yield capacity was most influenced by the temperature of the air in April, in general during the growing season in April-August, the minimum for June-November of the previous year. The yield capacity of Pinot Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon correlates with the temperature in April to a moderate degree (r = -0.43, -0.44), Chardonnay to an average degree (r = -0.54), Cabernet Sauvignon in April-August to an average degree (r = -0.54), Pinot Blanc to a moderate degree (r = -0.30). The yield capacity of Pinot Blanc and Chardonnay varieties have an average dependence on the minimum temperature in June-November of the previous year (r = 0.51). The reaction rate of the phenotypic trait yield capacity of Cabernet Sauvignon grape variety is 137 c/ha, Pinot Blanc 87 c/ha, Chardonnay 86 c/ha.
Domestic varieties resistant to abiotic and biotic stressors with high profitability in production are needed to replace the introduced table grape varieties. The aim of this research was to study promising hybrid forms of grapes in grafted and own-rooted culture in the conditions of the Central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region. The objects were hybrids of grapes Vitis L. Agat Dubovskiy, Akello, Ispolin, Kishmish Dubovskiy. The control variety was Livia. Rootstock Berlandieri x Riparia SO4. The planting scheme of the bushes was 4.0 × 2.0 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon, drip irrigation. The climate is moderately continental, the average annual air temperature is +12.5 ...+13.0 ºC, the maximum reaches +40 ºC, the absolute minimum temperature is -28...-30 ºC. The sum of active air temperatures is equal to 3900 ...4100 ºC. The total precipitation is 700-800 mm. The studies were carried out using generally accepted field, laboratory and statistical methods. According to phenological observations, variety and hybrids were distinguished by three maturation periods according to the international classification very early Livia (112 days) and Akello (114 days), medium Agat Dubovskiy (142 days) and Ispolin (145 days) and medium-late Kishmish Dubovskiy (148 days). The phenology of grafted and own-rooted plants differed slightly. Livia variety and hybrids required from 2467 ºC to 3243 ºC for vegetation. According to agrobiological indicators the number of fruiting shoots, inflorescences, fruitfulness coefficients grafted hybrid forms are more productive than the control variety and their own-rooted analogues, with the exception of Kishmish Dubovskiy, whose fruitfulness Coefficients are similar in the grafted and own-rooted culture and are close to the control values. The relative water content (RWC) of grafted and own-rooted plants is above 80 %, which means a normally hydrated leaf.
The time and duration of the passage of various phases of vegetation by a grape plant largely depends on the climatic conditions of the area and annually changing weather conditions. Therefore, in order to have data on the timing and duration of the phases, it is necessary to conduct phenological observations of grape bushes, marking the beginning and end of each phase due to weather conditions. Phenological studies of grape varieties of different maturation periods and different directions of use at the Anapa ampelographic collection are conducted annually. This work is very important, since all agrotechnical measures for growing grapes are closely related to the passage of individual phases of vegetation and dormancy. These studies are especially relevant in a constantly changing climate. As a result of the conducted research on the study of phenological indicators in 245 grape varieties at the ampelocollection, it was found that the atypical conditions of 2021 greatly affected the timing of the passage of phenophases, shortening the growing season of medium and late grape varieties by 10-20 days in comparison with previous years. Some grape varieties with very early, early, early-medium, medium and even with medium-late and late ripening dates in 2021 had almost the same duration of the growing season and later entered the flowering phase and the beginning of berry ripening compared to previous years. A number of technical varieties (Goruli Mtsvane, Mtsvane Kakhetinskiy, Rhenish Riesling, Mercuriy, etc.), compared with previous years, have not reached the necessary conditions of sugars in the must during the mass harvest also due to prolonged steady rains and cool weather. In addition, a number of varietieshad a high percentage of damage by various types of rot without reaching the necessary conditions. The ripening of the vine was delayed and it was not complete in many varieties.