Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In the apple breeding the one of the priority tasks is the creation of varieties with monogenic determining immunity to scab. The purpose of this study was the molecular-genetic testing of the original forms and hybrid seedlings of the apple-tree to identify the carriers of the target alleles of the monogenic resistance genes to scab Rvi6, Rvi4, Rvi2, Rvi8, and also to clarify the nature of their inheritance in the hybrid progeny. Biological objects of the study were the apple varieties of different ecological and geographical origin, as well as seedlings of the hybrid fund of the academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, doctor of agricultural sciences N.I. Saveliev. The materials of this article show the results of DNA analysis of apple varieties and hybrid seedlings at loci of monogenic resistance to scab (gene Rvi6, Rvi4, Rvi2, Rvi8). Based on the molecular-genetic analysis performed, the genotypic structure of the initial forms was refined. Molecular genetic analysis of the initial apple forms using the VfC and AL07-SCAR markers showed the presence of the Rvi6 gene in the geterozis state (Rvi6rvi6) in the genomes of the Bylina, Kandil Orlovski, Akademik Kazakov, Imant, Valuta, Belarusskoe Sladkoe, Uspenskoe, Prima. The Golden Delicious variety and the NR12740-7A form have a recessive homozygous genotype. As a result of research carried out and on the molecular genetic analysis, the genotypic structure of the initial forms was refined and joint inheritance in the hybrid progeny of the apple-tree of loci of monogenic resistance to scab was analyzed. The sources of the genes Rvi6, Rvi4, Rvi2, Rvi8, which are promising for apple-tree breeding, have been identified.
Based on the negative dynamics of weath-er and climate conditions in the Southern region of Russia and taking into account the use of new intensive technologies for cultivating fruit stone crops, it is obviously that the new and promising varieties should be created and selected in the face of climate change. The urgency of this problem determines the purpose of the research the creation and selection of plum domestic varieties and cherry, characterized by resistance to unfavorable environmental factors and stably forming a high-quality yield under the conditions of annual biotic and abiotic stresses. Objects of research the varieties of stone fruit crops, presented in the Center of collective use of the NCFSCHVW genetic collection. The research was carried out in 2014-2017 in the Sub-Kuban zone of horticulture of the Krasnodar Territory, on the basis of the EPF Centralnoe (Krasnodar). The main accounting and observation were carried out in accordance with the methodological guidelines for the variety study of fruit, berry and nut-bearing crops. Assessment of varieties on the main parameters of productivity and adaptability was carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations of the North Caucasus Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture (now NCFSCHVW). In the study there were the promising varieties of plum and cherry, of different eco-geographical origin, possessed with adaptive features that determine the efficiency of their cultivation by intensive technologies. Under the unfavorable weather conditions (2014-2017), the winter hardiness, drought resistance, and resistance of the studied varieties to diseases were evaluated as coccomycosis, monilia and clasterosporium. Under the extreme weather conditions for fruit crops in recent years, the basic adaptive indexes of plum and cherry varieties are specified. On their basis, the most stable varieties for optimizing the modern assortment of these crops under conditions of Southern gardening have been determined.
The requirements of hazelnut for light, heat and soil correspond to the soil and climatic conditions of the lowland and foothill part of the Daghestan Republic, the hazelnut is widely cultivated here, especially in the South, However its yield is rather unstable and relatively low. Therefore, in order to increase in the yield of hazelnut plantations, it is necessary to optimize the process of plants pollination. Hazelnut is a rather frost-resistant crop that easily withstands the cold temperatures of 20-25 º in a state of winter rest, and such varieties as Tambovskiy Ranniy and Tambovskiy Pozdniy are up to minus 40 º. On the other hand, the male inflorescences (earrings) of hazelnut, according to literary data, withstand the temperatures of minus 5-7 C. For blooming in winter and to the same wind-pollinated plant, all this is a serious obstacle to the annual normal fruiting. In connection with the foregoing, a detailed study of the hazelnut phenolo-gy in the flowering and pollination phase in specific soil and climatic conditions is becoming relevant, with using the specific variety or varieties for region. Therefore, in this paper there is the task, in the course of phenological observations, to establish the time of male and female flowers opening in the most popular population of Ata Baba in Daghestan, and to determine the temperature conditions necessary for a full flowering of plants. This article describes the phenology of flowering Ata Baba hazelnut due to its species and varietal features under the climatic conditions of the studied zone in the connection with issues of pollination and formation of yield.
Nowadays, working with genetic resources, one of the main task is to study the samples of the collection on a complex of economically valuable traits in order to identify sources for breeding, the best varieties for production and for the most effective use of grape gene pool in scientific programs. The results of a 25-year study at the Don ampelographic Y.I. Potapenko collection are presented. 10 grapevine varieties of Vitis vinifera L. species were studied: Galan, Senso, Desertniy, Zhemchug Saba, Caramol, Shassla Belaya (table varieties); Riesling Reinskiy, Krasnostop Zolotovskiy, Cabernet Sauvignon and Rkatsiteli (wine varieties). The data of phenological and meteorological observations, crop yield and conditions of grape are presented. In terms of crop yield the best varieties were Galan (12,7 t/ha), Senso (11,7 t/ha) and Dessertniy (11,6 t/ha). Cabernet Sauvignon (6,9 t/ha) had the highest crop yield among wine varieties. Varieties with the highest sugar content in berry juice were Krasnostop Zolotovsky (22,4 g/100 cm3, with a maximum in 2007 28,2 g/100 cm3), Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling Reinskiy (19,3 g/100 cm3). Among table grades, Desertniy variety stood out for its sugar content (19,1 g/100 cm3, with a maximum in 2005 22,8 g/100 cm3). A long comparative study of grape varieties on the collection under the conditions of moderate continental climate of the Rostov Region allowed to identify the varieties with high adaptive and economically valuable traits for breeding and production. Galan, Senso, Desertniy are recommended for breeding for crop yield, and variety of Krasnostop Zolotovskiy for breeding to increase sugar accumulation potential.
Effective realization of the grapes biological potential is possible when it placing on the territory the most fully meets the requirements of the variety biology. Solving the problem of optimal territorial placement of grapes can not only increase the productivity of plantations, but also reduce energy consumption and the cost of production and improve its competitiveness. The optimal placement and zonal specialization of vines in local climate change is an urgent research area and the main condition for stable viticulture. We carried out the work for agroecological zoning of the Krasnodar Territory, taking into account the main natural factors that affect the development and growth of the grape plant. On the soil map of the Krasnodar Territory was allocated to 5 of the soil zones with one or more relatives zonal soil types. Digital isothermal maps of average annual, absolute minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as heat supply map (sum of active temperatures) and precipitation were compiled for zoning of the territory according to agro-climatic parameters. As a result of this work, an agroecological map of zoning of the Krasnodar Territory for the cultivation of grapes was created. 5 zones and 47 subzones for placement and effective cultivation of grapes are allocated, the ranges of soil and climatic parameters of each zone are established. The placement of grape plantations taking into account the results of the territory zoning can improve the efficiency of use of soil and climatic resources in the production grape process; to increase the productivity of plantings; to improve the quality of production; to prolong the productive life of plantings; to reduce the prime cost of production and to increase in competitiveness of domestic viticulture.