Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The important part in the achievement of good results in the modern production technologies of fruits is assigned to type of rootstock. The influence of a rootstock begins with the inoculation moment in the nursery and continues during the life of a tree. This influence affects the force of growth of grafted trees, their fast productivity and quality of the received production and durability of plantings. The most effective way of decrease in force of an apple-tree growth is use of dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks. The majority of requirements to rootstocks for intensive gardening were formulated by Gavreel Vladimirovich Trusevich still in the 80-th years of the last century. In the article it is noted that the special attention in the research of G.V. Trusevich's pupils and followers is given to an assessment of adaptability of apple rootstocks to abiotic stressors and their influence on productivity of scion-rootstocks combinations under the certain soil and climatic conditions. The research conclusions formed the basis for zoning of apple-tree rootstocks of the SK series in the North Caucasus. Now at the State register of breeding achievements there are 6 rootstocks of the SK series (North Caucasus) created by G.V. Trusevich with employees. It is shown that these rootstocks successfully compete with introduced species because in the processes of their creation and breeding the specific conditions of regional gardening are considered. The data of this article convincingly show that rootstocks of SK series positively influence on drought resistance, heat resistance and winter hardiness of the grafted apple-tree trees. These rootstocks continue to be actively demanded; they are successfully used in the new intensive technologies of cultivation of apple-tree industrial plantings and substantially define their high efficiency.
The results of the two stage study of apple-tree rootstocks on the irrigated plot of "Caspian scientific research institute of arid agriculture" are presented in the article. The purpose of the presented research consisted in the study and selection of apple-tree rootstocks with higher adaptative potential to arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region. As a result of study the high-adapted middle grown rootstocks 54-118 and 57-545 are selected and also semi-dwarfish rootstocks of 62-396, SK2, SK5 and dwarfish rootstocks of P60, CK3, CK4 characterized by high frost resistance of root system and drought resistance, good survival and compatibility with various apple-tree varieties. Over years of research the survival of rootstocks in the apple-tree collection nursery was good and averaged 87,8 %. Layers of an apple-tree of M9, M26, M4 and CK5 have had an absolute survival. The most powerful development and high number of standard rootstocks have P59 and P60 dwarf rootstocks, semi-dwarf rootstocks of 62-396 and SK2 and middle dwarf rootstocks of 54-118 and 57-545. Under the arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region the high survival of the leading zoned apple-tree varieties on the studied vegetative reproduced rootstocks (79-100 %) is established. The apple rootstocks of 62-396, SK3, R60, SK2, SK5, M9 had a rather good safety of survival buds (82-90%). Their safety was high at the middle grown rootstocks of 54-118, 57-545 (94,4-100%). The high quantity of saplings have had the combinations of apple varieties with rootstocks of P60, P59, 62-396, 54-118, CK2, CK3, CK7 (75-100%), low sapling quantity have had a superdwarf PB-4 rootstocks (59%), and also a dwarfish rootstock of P16 (60,5%).
In the southern zone of fruit growing in recent years among the stone fruit crops one of the leading places is occupied by sweet cherry. However the variety structure of sweet cherry industrial plantings often doesn't correspond to scientific recommendations. The analysis of industrial assortment in the gardens of the region showed that 40% is a share of the zoned varieties, 60% is a share of the varieties which didn't pass variety's study in a cultivation zone. The results of long-term work on breeding and variety study of sweet cherry crop in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in this article. The priority directions of breeding research are shown, basic directions of which are: breeding on winter hardiness, resistance to the main fungal diseases, biological efficiency, early and late terms of maturing, improvement of quality and commodity of fruits. Value of initial forms at various stages of creation of new varieties is established. By results of research the donors and the sources of valuable traits which are recommended for use in various breeding programs directed on improvement of varieties are selected. Also the perspective varieties of sweet cherry for industrial production of fruits under the conditions of the South of Russia for intensive technologies of cultivation are recommended. As a result of breeding work with use of a wide diversity of genetic traits in the collection of NCRRIH&V the new varieties allowed to create the conveyor of receiving of high-quality fruits of sweet cherry in the southern zone of gardening within 1,5 months (May-June) were created, 8 varieties from which pass the State test, 12 varieties are included in the State Register of breeding achievements in a zone of the North Caucasus.
The aim of the present work was the DNA fingerprinting of a number of promising grapevine cultivars of NCRRIH&V and AZESV&W breeding, based on the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci. The results of the study can be used for identifying of the studied cultivars and for control purebred of parent vines plantations and planting material of domestic cultivars. Domestic breeding cultivars, promising to improve the industrial assortment of grapes in the Southern Russia were studied on the molecular genetic level. The article presents the results of a DNA-fingerprinting of six domestic cultivars of grapes: Barchatny, Vladimir, Dmitry, Dostoyny, Kurchanskiy, Krasnostop AZOS. Analysis of cultivars genotypes carried out on the mixture of DNA samples of 7-10 typical plants of each cultivar. DNA profiles were obtained by microsatellite loci MD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79, these markers are recommended as the basic ones for Vitis vinifera L. genotyping. Microsatellites (SSR-simple sequence repeats) - tandem repeats of simple sequences in the DNA structure are the most often used as DNA markers for studying of the grapes genotypes. The main method used in the work - polymerase chain reaction with the separation of the reaction products using an automated genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. The DNA of Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon were used as the control, allelic compositions of studied SSR-loci are known for these cultivars. Cultivars genotypes showed the different alleles combinations on studied loci. Thus, the minimum recommended set of microsatellite markers is sufficient to differentiate of studied genotypes. The article also provides a brief description of the studied cultivars and their main distinguishing positive agric and biological characteristics.
Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov had been paid much attention to study of climatic requirements of varieties of cultivated plants. The global warming of climate which has began in the 70th of the XX century caused the change of bioclimatic capacity of regions. Trends of agric and climatic characteristics are local and various in the different regions of country. The references unanimously recognize the temperature factor as the most important factor of regulation of grapes phenology. A research objective is to carry out the regression analysis of dates of the beginning of phenophases of grapes varieties and their duration under the conditions of Nizhny Don Region. The research were conducted on ampelographic collection of the Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko. Long-term data (1981-2014) of phenological observation over 71 grapes varieties are analyzed. Duration of period from the beginning of bud break to the beginning of plants flowering completely depends on conditions of year; coefficient of correlation of duration of this period with average temperature - r=-0,91. Duration of period after flowering substantially depends on a variety. Phases of the bud break, flowering and maturing of berries of different varieties are beginning under conditions of Nizhny Don Region at the temperatures of 11-16º, 20-24º, 22-27º respectively; the full maturity of berries is reached at temperatures of 26-15º. Start date of bud break is strongly correlated with a date of transition of temperatures above 10º, start date of blossoming is correlated with temperatures higher 20º. The beginning of maturing and a full maturity of grapes berries pass practically through the constant for every variety number of days after the beginning of blossoming. These processes are being accelerated by temperatures above 20º for early varieties and above 25º - for later varieties.