Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In the scientific institutions of different countries, purposeful selection work is carried out to improve the assortment of rootstocks, to study their adaptive capabilities, and to identify donors and origins of selection-significant features. According to the Agreement for creative cooperation, in RUE Institute for Fruit Growing (Belarus) the apple rootstocks of the St serie of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making and the Stavropol Experimental Station on Horticulture, a branch of the North Caucasus Federal Research Center breeding are testing. The article presents the results of the assessment of economic and biological peculiarity of 4 forms of St serie Apple rootstocks in the rootstocks uterine plantings in 2016-2018. Planting scheme is 1.4 x 0.3 m., the plot is not irrigated. The analysis of the main meteorological indicators the temperature regime during the growing season, the amount of precipitation indicates of their contrasting nature in the years of research. It allowed us to objectively carry out the comparative assessment of plant studied development. According to the results of the assessment of winter hardiness in the field, the absence of significant damage to plants was noted. Preliminary results on the data of the beginning and ending of plants vegetation, the assessment of thermal territory resources over the years of research show that the heat supply and duration of periods with an average daily air temperature above 5, 10 ºC correspond to the biological needs of the studied clonal rootstocks of the St serie. Based on the results of assessment of biometric indicators (shoot-forming ability, plant height, degree of branching, aging, rooting), the rootstock of St 19-5 was selected, which is characterized by the best indicators in the Belarus. According to the results of studies carried out in the Krasnodar at high temperatures against the background of drought in the summer growing season, St 18-3 rootstocks in 2015 and St 19-5 in 2017 were identified as origin of productivity and layers standard in the maternal rootstocks plantings.
Scientific-based use of the best varietyrootstock combinations of fruit crops is the one of the defining factors for improving the efficiency of gardening in the implementation of the import substitution strategy. Within the framework of the Agreement for creative cooperation, in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Caspian Agricultural Federal scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences the pple rootstocks NC (North Caucasus) series of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making, providing high adaptability and productivity of grafted trees of various apple varieties are tested. The article presents the results of the third stage of the study of the different growth vigor apple rootstocks NC (North Caucasus) series. The research was carried out in 20152019 at the experimental plot of the fruit garden of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Caspian agricultural Federal scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the orchards of 2011 planting. The purpose of the research is to study and select the apple varietyrootstock combinations that the most fully realize the production potential under the arid conditions. It was found that the rate of fruitfulness of all varieties was most affected by dwarf rootstocks of 3 and 4, the trees on which bloomed and formed the fruits in the first or second year after planting. Under the arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region, the greatest biometric parameters were found for the next varieties: Renet Simirenko in combination with all rootstocks, and Idared on medium-sized rootstocks. Idared and Melba varieties were characterized by more restrained growth in combination with the dwarf rootstocks and semi-dwarf 2. The maximum indexes of average yield in the first five years of commodity fruiting was obtained in the Renet Simirenko variety on dwarf rootstocks of 3, 4 (37.4...33.6 t / ha) and Idared on 1, 4 (32.8...46.3 t/ha).
The article presents the results of the study of the influence NV-101 growth stimulator and fertilizers of Gumi-30 super-universal and Siliplant the biometric and physiological indicators of apple saplings. The experiments were based on leached chernozem in 2016-2018. Zoned in the conditions of Central Chernozem Region a scab immune apple variety of Bolotovskoe was grafted on medium rootstock 54-118. The repeatability of experiments is threefold, with 50 plants per repeat. The layout of plants is single-row, the distance between rows is 90 cm, the distance between plants in a row is 20-25 cm. The saplings were treated with a knapsack sprayer according to the scheme of experiments 4 times per season with an interval of two weeks, starting from the third decade of May. The final purpose of the research carried out was to increase in the production of high-quality apple planting material based on the use of environmentally friendly preparations. It is shown that the use of the NV-101 growth stimulator of biological origin promotes an activation of growth processes, resulting in the increase in the foliage of apple saplings, chlorophyll content in the leaves, plant transpiration intensity, the root development, the yield of standard saplings. It was found that the complex treatment of apple saplings with HB-101 the growth stimulator in combination with fertilizers of Gumi 30 super universal and Siliplant significantly improves all the studied indicators compared to the control without treatment and with the version where only the growth stimulator of HB-101 was used. There were no statistically proven differences in the studied parameters in the case of using Gumi 30 super universal and Siliplant fertilizers.
An improved method for growing the clone rootstocks for apple-trees with lignified cuttings is presented. It is recommended for use in fruit nurseries located on dense soils with close location of groundwater. It is shown that with a shortage of layering of propagated rootstocks for an apple tree, this method is economically profitable due to the possibility of using the additional cuttings such as underdeveloped or not rooted cuttings, the upper part of the rootstock growth like layering, rootstock-oculant, which are usually utilized in the production of sapling. It has been established that a positive result is achieved by treating the lignified cuttings with an aqueous IBA solution in combination with cofactors and ensuring the optimal conditions for stratification in special germination chambers (proposed by the author) and further cultivation of rootstock material in special ridges with dispersive irrigation. It is shown that the use of a germination chamber gives a highquality callus formation, while it is possible to cultivate the required number of cutting during subsequent ridges in the basement. The use of special ridges helps to avoid the rootstock being infected with pathogens from diseases such as verticiliasis, root rot and cancer. The advantage of the proposed method over the generally accepted one layering is revealed, which consists in the ability to use manual labor during the recession of field work and to get more high-quality material in the area where the process of hilling in the mother nursery is complicated due to very dense clay soils. It was found that the rootstocks reproduction during period from 8-9 month to one year high (90 %); outlet of standard rootstocks up to 50-70 %.
A series of 11 clonal rootstocks, which are of value for use in intensive type technologies for the cultivation of plums, peaches and apricots, has been bred at the Krymsk Experiment Breeding Station. They are characterized by adaptability, productivity, weak growing and easy vegetative propagation. The effectiveness of their use in the North Caucasus is shown. The best varietyrootstock plum home combinations have been identified and proposed for use in production plantations: Kubanskaya Legenda/VVA 1, Kabardinskaya Rannyaya/VVA 1, Golubaya Mechta/VVA 1, Ballada /VVA 1, Ballada/VVA 1, Kubanskaya Legenda / Best, Kabardinskaya Rannyaya/ Best; for russian plum: Globus/VVA 1, Kubanskaya Cometa/VVA 1; for peach: Pamyat Simirenko/Vesennee Plamya, Pamyat Simirenk /Evrika 99; for apricot: Krasnoshchekiy/Evrika 99, Krasnoshchekiy/Druzhba. For a wide production testing for compatibility and use in intensive technologies, are the most promising the new weak-growing rootstocks of Best and Upryamets. It has been established that all recommended rootstocks reproduce well with green and lignified cuttings, especially the clonal rootstocks of Kuban 86, Evrika 99, Best. Clonal rootstocks of Best, VVA 1, Evrika 99 are well compatible with all varieties of plums, apricots and peaches. High winter hardiness and drought tolerance of all studied clonal rootstocks were established. The highest winter hardiness, even in the middle zone of fruit growing in Russia, was observed in clonal rootstocks of VVA 1, Druzhba, Best, Evrika 99, and Upryamets. High stability to drought was identified in Kuban 86, Evrika 99, VSV 1, Zarevo rootstocks; resistance to chlorosis in Kuban 86 and VSV 1; resistance to soil waterlogging in VVA 1, Evrika 99, Zarevo, Upryamets; resistance to soil pathogens in Kuban 86, Alab 1, VVA 1 rootstocks.