Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Alternaria fungi affect a wide range of crops. Of the 300 known species of Alternaria fungi, more than 10 are serious pathogens. Alternariosi mainly manifested of leaf spot. The morbidity of plant by alternariosis is accompanied by high economic losses of agricultural products. In the vineyards of the South of Russia, a harmful manifestation of Alternaria spotting has been observed since the middle of the two thousand years. The causative agent of grapes alternariosis is semi-parasitic fungus of Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze ex Pers.) Wiltshire. The data of laboratory screening for the antimicotic activity of 8 chemical and 19 bacterial (based on bacterial and fungal antagonists) fungicides against the pathogen of Alternaria tenuissima grape 12 straits of 7 types of bacteria and 7 straits of 4 types of fungi are presented in the article. The majority experimental variants of the active substances and their combinations in chemical fungicides showed the high efficiency in suppressing the growth of pathogen colonies. When comparing the antifungal activity of 2 concentrations of working solutions of biological preparations, it was found that bacterial fungicides show the best efficiency at a concentration of 4.0 ml / l, and fungal at a concentration of 2.0 ml / l. Among bacterial strains-producers, B. amyloliquefaciens KC-2 B-11141 and B. subtilis var niger B-118 are the most effective in suppressing tenuissima. The strains of B. subtilis B-117, B. subtilis BS-1, B. subtilis B-522 and B. acidocaldarius B-5250 had low antifungal activity, 6 strains were not active. Among the fungal producer strains that participated in the screening for antimycotic activity, T. viride F-838 and T. viride F-294 have the highest efficiency.
Under the conditions of Southern gardening, the adaptive potential of 12 introduced varieties (Hibiscus x moscheutos L.): Cranberry Crush, Fantasia, Fireball, Jazzberry Jam, Kopper King, Old Yella, Plam Crasy, Royal Gems, Robert Fleming, Summer Storm, Pepermint Shnaps, Heartthrob was studied. The stability of introduced varieties to the complex of unfavorable summer stress factors (high summer temperatures reaching +37 ºC and above, deficiency of air and soil moisture, dry-water phenomena, increased insolation) is estimated. The most stable varieties are selected: Peppermint Schnapps, Fantasia, Fireball, Jazzberry Jam, Summer Storm stability at the level of 4-5 points. For varieties Fantasia and Peppermint Schnapps distinctive thick waxy cuticle of the leaf, which causes their increased drought tolerance, is topical. The varieties of Royal Gems, Plum Crazy, Robert Fleming are non-resistant, they worse than others tolerate to dry hot period, their stability is 3 points. These varieties in the summer with drought reduced the flowering period, the flower size, he leaves lose turgor. It is observed the desiccation and shedding of buds for the varieties of Cranberry Crush and Heartthrob. Some plants showed the signs of the disease: Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum hibisci Poll., Fusarium equiseti (orda) Sacc, Phytophthora sp. On the plants of Kopper King, t he symptoms of defeat of viral origin are noted. On some plants the vermins are observed Heliothis armigera L, Autographa gamma L., Metcalfa pruinosa Say., Tetranychus sp. The obtained data indicate the need for the development of protective measures in the process of cultivation of Hibiscus x moscheutos L. in the Southern horticulture of Russia.
The purpose of this work is to study the species and varieties of ornamental flowering shrubs of the genus Weigela Thunb. in the Kuban State University Traning Botanical Garden for their use in the gardening of urban gardens and parks, as well as the use in landscape design of private territories. The object of the research is the plants of the Weigela genus (Weigela Thunb.), growing in the collection of Training Botanical Garden. The material for writing the work was field records and diaries, photographs, drawings, herbarium specimens of plants genus under study. The anatomical structure of species and varieties leaves of the genus Weigela Thunb was studied. The studies were conducted 2018-2019. In the process research, the botanical microtechnology was applied. The article presents a brief morphological characteristics of the leaves of the studied genus. The results of studying the anatomy of the representatives leaves of the genus Weigela Thumb. are presented. Analysis of the anatomical structure of the leaves of the genus Weigela Thunb. plant varieties revealed the following features. The leaf epidermis is most developed in the variety ʹNana Variegataʹ and is 2,0 mcm. The maximum thickness of the phloem part of the beam is 3,1 mcm for this variety. Xylem and columnar mesophyll are better developed in the leaves of ʹNana Variegataʹ variety, as well as the Weigela leaves are distinguished by the thickness of a spongy mesophyll. Mechanical tissue in the veins of the leaf is most expressed in the varieties of ʹNana Variegataʹ and ʹDame Blancheʹ. The distance width of the beam xylem part is approximately the same for all representatives, but the varieties of ʹCaricatureʹ and ʹRumbaʹ are outstanding according to this indicators.
Under the condition of the annual stress impact, a lot of zoned plum domestic varieties decreased in adaptive and productive potential, which makes it necessary to optimize the assortment, especially with new varieties of domestic breeding. The basis of obtaining a new variety is the original hybrid material, the evaluation of which allows you to select elite forms and varieties with a set of economically valuable traits. The purpose of these studies was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the domestic plum gene pool and the selection of selected forms with high adaptability, productivity and fruit quality for breeding use and expansion of promising varieties group. The article presents the results of the evaluation of the source material plum domestic, obtained from the aimed crosses of different parent forms. It has been established that the majority of the studied hybrid forms have an average growth vigor, late maturation, high resistance to the main diseases. Based on the analysis of phonological data and the results of a comprehensive assessment of selected hybrids, two selective forms of 17-2-64 and 17-3-79 were revealed, which characterized by fast fruiting (the beginning of fruiting for 5 years), growth restraint (within 3.7-3.8 m on own roots and without pruning), resistant to clasterossporium (0.5 points), yield capacity of 6.1 and 7.8 t / ha with a planting scheme of 5x3 m in the second year of fruiting. The selected hybrid forms of plum domestic, possessing he economically valuable and breeding significant traits are of interest for further breeding work and are the basis for replenishing the assortment of fruit crops with plum varieties of domestic breeding.
Molecular markers make it possible to identify varieties, study their origin, and identify synonyms, homonyms, and impurities in the collections. DNA passports of grape varieties present the genotype profiles for a set of microsatellite (SSR) loci. SSR markers VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are the minimum basic set in the work on DNA-passportization of grape varieties. Using this indicated set of SSR markers, we genotyped the varieties of Barkhatny, Dostoyny, Krasnostop AZOS, Krasnostop Anapskiy and Phillokseroustoychivy Dzhemete grapes from the Anapa Zonal Station of Viticulture and Winemaking and also of the Muscat Hamburg variety included in the study as one of the parental forms of Barkhatny and Dostoyny varieties. The main method, which was used in the work, is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the separation of reaction products on an ABI Prism 3130 automated genetic analyzer. DNA of the Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon reference varieties was used as a control to refine the sizes of identified alleles. DNA was isolated by the CTAB method from the apical leaves of young shoots. Genotype analysis was carried out on DNA from a mixture of plant material of 3-5 typical plants for each variety. The genotypes of the studied varieties showed the different combinations of alleles on the studied microsatellite loci. As a result of DNA profiles analysis, we revealed that the Dostoyny grape variety has a different origin, namely the Muscat Hamburg is not its parent form, at the same time it was confirmed that the other parent form is Phillokseroustoychivy Dzhemete. The obtained DNA profiles of varieties can be used to identify them, verify the variety pure of uterine plantation and planting material, and protect the author's rights.