Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
For the most comprehensive study of the influence of agroecological factors on the quality of grapes, the research area covers Steppe, Pedmont and the South Coast zones of the Crimean Peninsula. At the same time, the spatial variation of agroecological factors under the influence of the terrain, hydrological features of the territory and the heterogeneity of the surface background was taken into account. The developed geoinformational database contains information on the location of more than 70 control vineyards, the qualitative characteristics of the crop yield obtained in 2001-2019 and the agroecological conditions of the area. It contains the information about the morphometric features of the terrain and climatic resources of the territory under study. To assess the formation of complexes of major and secondary grape metabolites, the information on the qualitative composition and quantitative content of mono- and oligo- carbohydrates, organic acids, phenolic substances, aroma producing components and their ratios in berries is included in the database. Basing on the data collected, by non-linear interpolation of long-term observations at Crimean meteorological stations using methods of geoinformational and mathematical modeling, the climatic indicators for each point of the Crimean Peninsula were calculated. It allowed to characterize accurately the climatic conditions in each vineyard with prospects to contribute to a more accurate identification of patterns between the characteristics of the grape growing area and parameters of crop quality. The geoinformational database developed is a powerful tool to study the relationship between agroecological factors and the formation of the major and secondary grape metabolites, determining the quality parameters of products of viticulture and winemaking. It will allow using, when analyzing the correlation between the qualitative indicators of grapes and climate parameters, not the data of the nearest meteorological station, as in other similar studies, but the values specified on the basis of geoinformational modeling. This will contribute to a more accurate identification of the nature and degree of the analyzed dependencies.
The development of fruit growing at the present stage largely depends on the degree of consideration of ecological and climatic conditions in the process of fruit plants cultivation. The success of the cultivation of fruit crops, including apricots, is mainly influenced by climatic and, first of all, meteorological conditions of the winter-spring period. The analysis of the state of land, natural resources, agrometeorological conditions in relation to a particular culture, taking into account a large number of factors in their relationship and influence is carried out. According to long-term data, in April in the Foothill zone of the KBR, negative temperatures are often observed, especially in the last 10 years. During the period of growth and development of plants (May - early June) and active growth of shoots (June), high temperatures and insufficient moisture supply are stressful, the amplitude of fluctuations in recent years has shown a growing trend. Abnormal temperature jumps, Both in the positive direction and in the negative direction, increase over the years (periods of abnormal weather increase). Apricot is considered the most drought-resistant crop and grows successfully in the zone of unstable moisture and can be cultivated without irrigation. It is noted that excess water in the soil is also harmful to fruit plants, as well as its lack. It has been established that excess moisture in the soil has a more negative effect on plant development than lack of moisture. A systematic analysis of the biological characteristics of apricot and other characteristics (especially yield) with the requirements for environmental conditions and the realities of emerging agrometeorological conditions are shown in this paper by fragments of the matrix correlation.
The article considers the question of fructose supplementation into the nutrient medium instead of sucrose. The positive effect of fructose on clonal micro-propagation of plants is known, but we have not faced any data on grapevine cultivation. During the study there was no death of plants from infection due to preliminary recovery of plants with the help of the antibiotic Cefotaxime. The maximum survival rate of micro-plants was observed at fructose concentrations of 5.0-20.0 g/l. At a concentration of 40.0 g/l, the survival rate decreased to 23.4 % compared to the control. A sharp decrease in rooting was noted when 60.0 g/l of fructose was introduced into the nutrient medium. Effect of fructose on rhizogenesis depends on the concentrationand can stimulate or inhibit this process. The length of the rhizogenic zone at fructose concentrations of 5,0 and 10,0 g/l was in 0,7-0,8 times less than in the control. The longest rhizogenic zone was observed at a concentration of 20.0 g/l. On the 210th day of cultivation, it exceeded the control variant by 1.2-1.6 times. At a concentration of 40.0 g /l, the length of the rhizogenic zone was at the control level and even slightly exceeded its parameters. A sharp decrease in rhizogenesis occurred when fructose was introduced into the nutrient medium in the amount of 60.0 g/l. The strongest inhibition of the shoot growth rate was observed at concentrations of 40.0-60.0 g/l. A slight decrease in the growth rate was observed at concentrations of 5.0-20.0 g/l. The best conservation of plants during 7 months of cultivation was revealed in the medium with sucrose (control) and in the variant with a minimum concentration of fructose 5.0 g/l, 60.0 % of plants were preserved at fructose concentrations of 10.0 and 20.0 g/l. The safety of the variants with a fructose content of 40 %, especially 60.0 g/l, has sharply decreased, which indicates that such a quantity of carbohydrate in the nutrient medium is toxic to plants. A slowdown in growth processes that is necessary to create a collection of the gene pool of grapes in vitro was revealed.
The article present the results of studies on the growth stimulating effect of the Chaetomium sp. on fungi the survival and development of grape sapling. In the study of a possible growthstimulating effect of p. Chaetomium sp is found that the survival of all grape varieties under study in the experiment exceeded the control variant. The best indicator is in the Dostoyny variety. The growth and development of saplings was better in the variant with the use of microorganisms. The average shoot length of the Kubanets grape variety in the experimental variants of 1 and 2 (100 ml/m2 and 200 ml/m2 of preparation) exceeded the control by 15.1 and 13.3 cm, respectively. In the Gordy variety, the difference between the control variant and the variants with the use of microorganisms was 12.8 and 16.5 cm. The smallest difference between these variants of experiment on the average growth length of shoots was noted in the Dostoyny variety. The study of the growth characteristics of the sapling root system in the variants with the introduction of preparation based on the fungus of the p. Chaetomium sp. showed that statistically significantly increases the total number of roots in the Dostoyny variety. In the Kubanets variety, a significant difference was noted only between option 1 and control. The Gordy variety on this index did not have a significant difference in the experimental options. The output of saplings that meet the quality standard, in variants using the preparation based on p. Chaetomium sp. microorganisms, compared with the control variant, the Dostoyny and Kubanets varieties were the largest, which in the industrial technology for the production of grafted saplings will have a significant economical effect. In terms of indicators, the most responsive to the use of the studied preparation were the varieties of Kubanets and Dostoyny.
Grape plants are damaged by numerous vermins, viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. They often suffer from adverse soil and weather conditions. The annual loss of the grape harvest is about 30 %, and in case of untimely or poor-quality protective measures, the loss reach more than 50 %. Grape diseases are divided into infectious and noninfectious. Of infectious diseases, the most harmful are mildew, oidium, anthracnose, gray and white rot. The main way to combat the infectious plant diseases is traditionally use of chemicals. The use of fungicides, insecticides and similar artificial preparations is a deterioration of the environmental situation, a violation of the natural balance, and an increase in content of harmful substances in the production of grape seedlings. The experiments are carried out and as a result of which we can conclude that the use of some temperature regimes and saturation of vaccinations with macro- and microfertilizers can be successfully used to combat conidia of gray rot. These results of studies prove the effectiveness of the combined use of Albit in a concentration of 0,2 % at a temperature of 45-50 ºC for 10 minutes. This exposure allows you to free the grape plants from gray rot. The yield of affected seedlings is 0,2 %, while in the control when treated with quinosol, the number of seedlings with visible gray rot lesions was 28 %. To find a way to get rid of the gray rot of grape grafts during stratification under the conditions of stressful high temperatures, while saturating them with macro- and microelements is an actual task of this area of research.