Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Control and prevention of plant Diseases is one of the main tasks in agriculture. This is due to the fact that such diseases can lead to significant economic losses. The article considers the most well-known in the international market preparations and methods of plant protection using the mechanism of induced resistance. To this end, a review of the research literature was conducted, biopesticides registered in the United States, Europe and a number of other countries were studied, and a patent search was carried out in international databases of patent documentation. It has been established that in recent years a significant amount of work has been done in the field of studying the ability of various substances and bioagents to induce plant resistance to diseases. It is concluded that the continuation of research in this area is relevant and of interest, including as a basis for developing innovative technologies for storing plant products.
The article presents the results of the preparations testing of copper (Abiga-Pik, Kuproksat) and triazoles (Skor, Fardi) against the main plum fungal infections in the Central zone of Krasnodar Region in 2015-2017. The epiphytotic development of Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh on the experimental plot is noted. There was a tendency of leaves early infection (the first decade of April), and the spreading of the disease in the initial period was characterized by a high rate of infection. Monilia cinerea Bonord. was observed in the third decade of April after plum blossoming, by mid-June the disease spreading was 8-10 % (only in the control). Monilia fructigena Honey. was observed in mid-may, by mid-June, from 15 to 20 % of fruits on the control trees were affected and during harvesting (on late July) up to 45 %. The main predictors of the spores onset of the disease pathogen were the amount of precipitations on April and air humidity after going the average daily temperature over + 10-12 ˚C. The appearance of powdery mildew on the control trees was noted in the first decade of June from 3 up to 7 % on annual shoots. Biological efficacy of Abiga-Pik, VS on day 7 after the two treatments was 90-92 %, Kuproksat, KS 96-98 %, on 14th day 89-90 % and 95-96 %, respectively. Treatment with triazoles was carried out after plum flowering, in the period of high speed of spreading of shot-hole disease. On 7 day the biological effectiveness of Skor was 85-87 %, Fardi 89-90 %; on 14th day 80-82 % and 82-84 %, respectively.
The article presents the results of long term of research on the species composition of the harmful fauna of the apple orchard. It is established that under the influence of climatic changes and technogenic impact, many species have developed a number of adaptive responses for survival under the changing environmental conditions. The increase in the number of weakened trees by a number of different weather stresses (frosts, rain showers, hail, air and soil drought) led to the appearance of new types of trunk`s vermins and to the strengthening harmfulness of previously known species. In our study, we noted an increased harmfulness in the Lepidoptera vermin complex and the appearance of new phytophagous species, which development is marked by a large their number and increased aggressiveness. There is a fluctuation, a change in the dominant species within the complexes. For example, the number of subcrustal leaf rollers (Enarmonia formosana Scop.) in the apple agrocenoses increased in 3,4 times, and the number of other species of leaf rollers dominated in 2011 decreased to economically insignificant value. The yellow pear scabbard (Quadraspidiotus pyri Licht.) be-gan to damage the plantations instead of the Californian Scabbard. Phytosanitary monitoring, carried out in the fruit plantations of the region in 2014-2017 revealed the significant functional and structural changes in the sucking entomocomplexes. It was found that the stability of most vermins has been developed for dimethoates, chlorpyrifos and malathions. It is established that the main components of sucking communities, first of all, react to abiotic factors of influence. The tendency of change in the species composition and intrapopulation structures of harmful organisms was revealed as a result of the use of insecticides of organophosphorus synthesis in frost-weakened trees.
The article presents the results of field experiments to determine the biological effectiveness of the disorientation method with the help of "BREEZ" dispensers in comparison with the traditional apple-tree protection system from the apple moth. The method is the disorientation of the males of the codling moth by creating an excessive concentration of female pheromones. The male can not find the female and fertilize it, as a result, the caterpillar from eggs does not degenerate, and damage of the fruit does not occur. Pheromones from the dispenser are released gradually, in the period from April to September (120-150 days), depending on the intensity of the wind and temperature. The dispenser effectively reduces and keeps the number of codling moth in all generations during the season. The experiments were carried out on 16 plots in 13 largest fruit farms of various horticultural zones of the Krasnodar Territory. At 7 sites pheromones of BREEZE were hung, but treatment with insecticides was carried out in full, but at 9 plots the insecticide treatments for codling moth were canceled. Dispersers were hung in the phenophase "flowering beginning" at the rate of 20 m2 one disperser. In total, 500 pieces / ha are hanged, evenly over the entire protected area to a height of 2/3 of the tree from the surface of the earth. Throughout the growing season, the observation the biology of phytophagous development were made. It is established that the inclusion of BREEZE pheromones in apple protection systems allowed to control the phytophagus by 99.2-99.7 %, while reducing the pesticide load and the cost of purchasing insecticides by 25-67 %.
The losses of crop production during storage depend on variety characteristics, the system of protection against vermins and diseases, terms and methods of harvesting, commodity processing and storage preparation methods and are associated with physiological, biochemical and microbiological processes occurring during storage. In connection with this, the current direction of research is the development, modification and improvement of methods for managing the biochemical and microbiological processes of long-term storage of crop production. Research has been carried out in the field of biological control of phytopathogens causative agents of carrot diseases using strains of Bacillus subtilis. It is shown that the most active in relation to the test set of pathogens characteristic for carrots in vitro experiments were strains of Bacillus subtilis IPM 215 and VKM B-2605D. The dynamics of populations of phytopathogens and antagonist strains in the sections of carrot roots was studied. It is revealed that the rate of growth of the Bacillus subtilis population in the first stage of storage exceeds the growth rate of the populations Alternaria radicina and Erwinia carotovora. After three days of storage, the growth dynamics of Bacillus subtilis decreases, which indicates the expediency of processing root crops with Bacillus subtilis preparations, which, due to more intensive growth, creates the competition in the struggle for nutrients during the first stage of storage. In addition, the products of the life of Bacillus subtilis are effective inhibitors of phytopathogens. As a result of carried out research it is established that the treatment of root crops of Bacillus subtilis influences the degree of development of diseases caused by Alternaria radicina and Erwinia carotovora that allows to consider the studied strains of Bacillus subtilis as promising for the biological control of diseases caused by phytopathogenic microorganisms during storage of root crops of carrots.