Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article presents the materials of phenological observations in the period from 2018 to 2021. The objective of the research was to study and identify the features of vegetation of grape interspecific hybrids in the annual cycle of ontogenesis for their use in breeding and practical production. During the research period in 2018-2020, a severe shortage of precipitation and high solar insolation were characteristic, mainly in the second half of the growing season. A characteristic feature of 2021 was a prolonged spring and an abundance of precipitation. Precipitation did not occur uniformly both by year and by month. The obtained average data on the duration of the passage of the main phases of the growing season of introduced varieties and control variety and on the sum of air temperatures above +10 ºC for the vegetational season in 2018-2021 indicate that the duration of the growing season of grapes from budbreak to full physiological maturity of berries is 128 days in the Concord variety with a sum of air temperatures of 2755 ºC, Reliance � 123 days and 2529 ºC, Venus � 129 days and 2760 ºC, in the Brigantina variety � 123 days and 2603 ºC. The feature of the phenology of grape varieties of USA breeding in the conditions of the natural environment of the North-Western zone of the Krasnodar region is that the duration of the vegetation phase from the beginning of veraison to full physiological maturity differs significantly from the other two phases of vegetation: from the beginning of the budbreak to the beginning of flowering and from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of veraison of berries. The variability of phenological cycles over the years is due to unstable weather conditions.

Annotation

The data of agrobiological studies are of significant importance in determining the biological capabilities of the variety. For grapes, one of the main agrobiological indicators are the fruiting coefficient and yield. Research work on the study of agrobiological characteristics of grape varieties of all ripening periods and their yields has been carried out annually for many years by scientists of the Anapa zonal experimental Station. Agrobiological records are carried out in the first half of summer, taking into account: the average number of eyes on the bush, green and fertile shoots, inflorescences, the percentage of budding eyes, yields from the bush and per hectare, and also, the coefficients of fruiting and fruitfulness are calculated. In 2019-2020, many canteens of early breeding varieties of the Anapa zonal experimental station showed good results, especially in terms of yield. Weather conditions favored this. As a result of agrobiological studies and a comparative assessment of the yield of some early table grape varieties of AZOS selection and control varieties, it was found that, despite the dry summer in the studied time periods, AZOS selection varieties have a high yield and slightly exceed the long-known control varieties in this indicator. This is also confirmed by data from previous years. Analysis of berry juice by sugar content shows the superiority of early table varieties Muscat AZOS, Lotus, White early over control long-known varieties such as, Russian early, Madeleine Angevin, Early Magaracha. The data obtained confirm the high biological capabilities of early table grape varieties of the Anapa zonal Experimental Station Selection.

Annotation

The research was carried out in 1991-2021 at the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov region). The object of the study was the technical white-berry grapevine variety Grushevsky belyj, bred by ARRIV&W � Branch of the FSBSI FRARC. The variety is a complex interspecific hybrid by origin. The study was carried out using generally accepted in viticulture methods and National Standards. The variety was studied in an uncovered, grafted culture on the Kober 5BB rootstock. Planting scheme was 3.0 x 1.5 m. According to data of observations for 31 years, the variety had 80 % of blossoming buds, 82.5 % of fruiting shoots, the fruitfulness coefficient was 1.3, the average mass of the bunch was 209 g, the estimated yield capacity was 138.5 c/ha. Yield conditions: sugar content of berry juice 19.5 g/100 cm3 with titratable acidity of 10 g/dm3 . The variety endured well the harsh winter of 2005-2006, when the minimum air temperature dropped to minus 28 �C. The variety had 65 % of blossoming buds, 79 % of fruiting shoots, the yield capacity was 49 c/ha. In the laboratory of wine-making technology, dry white table wine was prepared from the variety. At the wine tasting, it received an assessment of 8.4 points (on a 10-point scale, a passing score of 8.2). The wine was clear, light straw color, with a good varietal aroma. The taste was fresh and slightly simple in composition. Long-term study of the variety Grushevsky belyj in the Lower Don region showed that it has high winter hardiness (up to minus 28 ºC), tolerance to powdery mildew, stable yield (even in years with critical winter temperatures), therefore it can be recommended for cultivation in non-covered culture, and for inclusion in breeding programs for complex sustainability.

Annotation

Powdery mildew of grapes or oidium is one of the most common and economically significant diseases of grapes. The causative agent of the disease is biotrophic ascomycete Erysiphe necator. Powdery mildew is a global disease that reduces the yield and quality of grapes, while causing significant damage to viticulture around the world. Most cultivated grape varieties are susceptible to this pathogen, therefore, pesticide treatment is used to reduce the incidence of disease. Resistance to powdery mildew is mainly found in the genotypes of North American and Asian grape varieties. The search for donors of resistance to powdery mildew and the subsequent creation of new resistant and high-quality grape varieties is one of the main tasks of grape breeding. Cultivation of resistant varieties will reduce the use of pesticides, which in the future will make it possible to switch to more environmentally safe industrial viticulture. At present, a number of loci of resistance to powdery mildew (more than 10) have been identified, and DNA markers have been constructed that are suitable for identifying the allelic status of these genes. Among the identified loci of resistance to powdery mildew, Ren3 and Ren9 genes have a large contribution. The study involved elite technical forms of grapes of the NCFSCHVW breeding, the genotypes of which could potentially contain loci of resistance to powdery mildew (Tana 19, Tana 72, Tana 73, Tana 74, Tana 82, Tana 92). To identify the genes that cause genetic resistance to powdery mildew, specific codominant SSR markers GF15-42, ScORGF15-02 were used to identify the Ren3 gene, and SSR marker CenGen6 to identify the Ren9 gene. As a positive control, we used the DNA of the cultivar Seyve Villard 12-375, which has resistance alleles. The work was carried out by the PCR method, with the separation of reaction products using the method of capillary electrophoresis on an automatic genetic analyzer Nanofor 05. As a result of DNA marker analysis, it was determined that the genotype Tana 92 contain the Ren9 gene. The Ren3 and Ren9 genes has been identified in grapevine Tana 73 and Tana 74.

Annotation

The results of chemical-technological and sensory studies of the suitability of strawberries for jam are presented. The objects of research were the 5 varieties of strawberries of medium maturity from VNIISPK gene pool: Tsaritsa, Asia, Rubino civ, Marmolada, Frida. The control was the Urozhajnaya CGL variety. The analysis of jam samples for the content of total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid (AC), P-active catechins and anthocyanins was carried out in two repetitions according to current standards. Sensory analysis included visual and taste assessment by the members of the tasting group (n = 15, 3 men, 13 women, aged 27-60 years), selected among the institute�s staff by the level of taste sensitivity. A point organoleptic evaluation was carried out by the tasting commission at a closed tasting on a 5-point scale (5 � excellent quality, 1 � not suitable for use). Statistical processing was carried out by generally accepted methods using standard Microsoft Excel computer programs. Jam of all varieties was characterized by a stable content of TSS (V