Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Drought resistance of plants is the ability of plants to withstand the significant dehydration and overheating of their organism, the ability to survive during drought with the least decrease in yield capacity. Heat resistance (heat tolerance) is the ability of plants to withstand the high temperature effect and overheat. Seed crops were studied: pear forms PG 12 (control), PG 17-16, PG 2, K-1, K-2, Kavkazskaya, OHF 333, Piro II, 4-26, 4-39 and quince forms Severnaya, BA 29, studies were conducted on the resistance of pear and quince forms to drought and heat resistance in laboratory conditions. The zoned pear form PG 12 was used as a control. In this regard, the purpose of our research was a set of measures to assess the initial forms of pears and quinces for drought and heat resistance. As a result of the research, it was found that moisture retention index varies significantly in the studied pear and quince forms. The pear forms PG 2, K-2, Kavkazskaya and quince form BA 29 were characterized as highly resistant to drought, in which water loss was from 8.2 to 21.8%, and the degree of water was from 50.0 to 100.0%. Water deficit in these forms was within 4.4 - 7.1%. The highest water-holding capacity was observed in pear PG 17-16 � 79,5 %, Kavkazskaya � 80,9 % and quince B� 29 � 86,6 %. The water-holding capacity of the pear form K-2 was 67,3 %. When evaluating the heat resistance of pear and quince forms, the differences in the resistance of these forms to the action of temperatures were revealed. A good water-holding capacity after exposure to stressful positive temperatures is preserved by the pear form Kavkazskaya, which has a water deficit of 4,8 %. At the same time water-holding capacity was 70,9 %, water loss � 19,1 %, degree of water content � 38,4 %.

Annotation

The cultivation of a number of crops (especially stone fruit, with a short dormant period) in the south of Russia is determined mainly by the temperature factor. The biological potential of sweet cherry adaptability is limited by the temperature limit equal to minus 27.0�28.0 º� in winter, from minus 2.5 to minus 8.0 º� in spring, depending on the degree of development of the flower organs. As a result of exposure to low critical temperatures at various phenological phases of development, yield losses are possible up to 80-95 %. The study revealed the climatic factor that had the greatest impact on yield capacity � the annual precipitation (R=0.381). Other factors did not significantly affect the formation of productivity: the average annual air temperature (R= 0.167), the sum of temperatures above +10 º� (R= 0.160), the absolute minimum temperature (R= 0.007). Various weather stressors have been studied over the last 10 years of observations, which led to a significant loss of the yield of sweet cherry varieties. The most unfavorable years were 2014, 2017 and 2020, when 80-95 % of sweet cherry fruit buds died due to early frosts and return freezings. The yield capacity in these years decreased from 5.0-10.0 kg per tree to single fruits, depending on the variety. Against the background of the manifestation of weather anomalies, resistant varieties were identified � Alaya, Dar izobiliya and Volshebnitsa. In years with favorable abiotic factors, sweet cherry is able to form up to 45-50 kg of fruit per tree, such conditions prevailed in 2021. In some varieties, the yield capacity reached 60-65 kg per tree, these include Alaya, Dar izobiliya and Kavkazskaya. In addition, an indicator was determined that significantly affects the yield capacity, � the number of fruit buds (R= 0.840), which also directly depends on weather and climatic factors

Annotation

The selection of highly effective rootstocks for new grape varieties is relevant in modern viticulture. The influence of different rootstocks Chasselas × Berlandieri 41B and Berlandieri × Riparia SO4 on the agrobiological indicators of the Livia grape variety in the Central agroecological viticulture zone (fourth subzone) of the Krasnodar region is shown. The planting scheme of bushes on irrigated vineyards in the field experiment is 3.8 × 2 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. The average annual air temperature is 12.5-13.0 º�, the sum of active temperatures is 3900-4100 º�. The annual total precipitation is 700-800 mm. Grapes of the Livia variety on the 41B rootstock significantly outperform the analogue on the SO4 rootstock. Plantations on rootstock 41B are distinguished by a larger mass of bunches, elegance, large size and organoleptic properties of berries, and grape yield capacity. Ripening on rootstock 41B started much earlier than on rootstock SO4. In the agro-ecological conditions of 2020, the difference was 13-17 days, in 2021 � 4-7 days. Mass ripening in 2020 was earlier by 7-20 days, in 2021 by 6-7 days. The average weight of a bunch on the 41B rootstock was 30% more than on the SO4 rootstock and amounted to 0.674 kg. In terms of grape yield from a bush, plantings on rootstock 41B exceeded the analogue by 1.5 times. The yield capacity of grapes on rootstock 41B was higher than on SO4 by an average of 1.5 times and amounted to 24.62 t/ha. The share of marketable grapes was 93% on rootstock 41B, on rootstock SO4 � 90%. The tasting score of grapes grown on rootstock 41B was on average 8.8 points, on SO4 � 8.1 points. The positive effect of rootstock 41B on the biological and economically valuable characteristics of grapes is the basis for the wide practical use of this rootstock for the Livia grape variety in the Central agro-ecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region.

Annotation

In the article presents the results of the study of quality indicators of wine grape varieties with intensively colored flesh Pamyati Golodrigi, Krasen and Nika, cultivated in the southern coastal and western foothill-coastal zones of Crimea. Studies were conducted in 2020-2021. Under different conditions of cultivation, the varieties under study show varietal specificity. Analysis of the indicator �average grape bunch weight� allows us to state that under the conditions of the southern coastal zone of Crimea, varieties Pamyati Golodrigi (control) and Krasen form a larger bunch, while the grape variety Nika has the opposite trend. Agroclimatic conditions of the western foothill-coastal zone of the Crimea favor high accumulation of sugars in berries grapes all presented varieties (Pamyati Golodrigi � 24.0 g/100 cm3 , Krasen � 25.1 g/100 cm3 , Nika � 23.6 g/100 cm3 ), as well as high synthesis of phenolic compounds compared to the Southern coastal zone: Krasen variety accumulates an average of 310.3 m/100 g against 278.2 mg/100 g (Southern coastal zone), Nika � 368.85 mg/100 g against 339.7 mg/100g (Southern coastal zone), slightly superior to the control variety. Red dessert and liqueur wines were prepared from the yield of the studied varieties in 2020-2021. The tasting score of the liqueur wine material from Krasen (western foothill-coastal zone of the Crimea) was 7.78 and 7.88 points, and the wine material from this variety (southern coastal zone) received 7.83 and 7.88 points. Dessert wine material from the Nika variety (western foothill-coastal zone of the Crimea) scored 7.74 and 7.79, and wine material from the southern coastal zone scored 7.76 and 7.79. Samples of wine materials from the yield of the presented varieties by the totality of characteristics are promising, being at the level of the control variety Pamyati Golodrigi. The higher quality of wine materials prepared from the yield of the studied varieties, collected in the southern coastal zone of Crimea, which is probably due to the component composition of the phenolic complex

Annotation

Both for the processing industry and for recommendations to consumers, a comprehensive study of the qualitative characteristics of berries of grape varieties and forms in specific natural and climatic conditions, including chemical composition, becomes important. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the main chemical components of the gene pool collection of grape varieties growing in the conditions of the Central chernozem region (Michurinsk). The studies were conducted in the period 2017-2021. Berries of the varieties grown on the experimental sites of the Laboratory of Private Genetics and Breeding of the I.V. Michurin Federal Research Center were used as objects of research. The collection is represented by varieties of various species origin obtained in Russia, Ukraine, USA, Moldova, Bulgaria, Hungary. Chemical analyses of the fruit were carried out on the basis of the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Food Technologies of the FSBSI �I.V. Michurin FSC� according to the standard methods: the content of soluble solids � refractometrically; the content of the sum of sugars, organic acids, ascorbic acid � by titrimetric methods; anthocyanins � by pH-differential spectrophotometry, mineral elements � by capillary electrophoresis. Valuable genotypes with improved parameters of the chemical composition of fruits have been identified: total sugar content (above 18.0 %) � Kishmish koktail, Rozalia; high sugar-acid index (above 35) � Vostorg, Baklanovskiy, Rozalia, Elf; ascorbic acid content (above 10.0 mg/100 g) � Asya, Denisovskiy, Kishmish vengerskiy, Platovsky; anthocyanins (above 70.0 mg/100 g) � Denisovskiy, Agat donskoy; mineral substances � Kodryanka (K+ � 144.2 mg/100 g, Na+ � 2.0 mg/100 g, Mg2+ � 9.3 mg/100 g, Ca2+ � 19.6 mg/100 g)