Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The introduction of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies that ensure consistently high yields is one of the factors of sustainable development of the viticulture industry in Transdniestria. One of the elements of such technologies is the use of growth regulators. The aim of our research was to study the influence of growth regulators the structure of the cluster of grapes bunch of Vostorg and Talisman table varieties. The plants were treated twice: before flowering and during the period of berry growth. The following indicators were considered: the average mass of the bunch; weight and number of berries, including well-developed ones; ridge mass; percentage of berries and ridges; an indicator of the bunch`s structure, berry indicator. For the Vostorg and Talisman grape varieties, the growth regulators of gibberellin, mycephitus, zircon and epin-extra in the studied concentrations during double treatment contributed to an increase in the mass of the bunch and the number of berries, including well-developed ones. The use of these regulators led to a significant increase in the mass of the ridge, at the same time, the percentage of the mass of the ridge relative to the mass of the bunch decreased from 3.4 in the control to 2.3-3.0 in the experimental versions. The bunch`s structure indicator in all processing variants was higher than that in the control variant, but the berry indicator was lower. The highest values of the indicator of the bunch`s structure are noted when the use of the epin-extra. The lowest berry indicator of the Vostorg grape variety was noted when the treatment of plants with mycephitis, and the epin-extra when processing of Talisman. The effectiveness of growth regulators depended on the grape variety, as well as the preparation and its concentration.
Studying the rot of the seed chamber leads to the appearance of a micocomplex of 7 species fungi: 5 species of Fusarium Link and 2 species of Alternaria Nees. Presence of species on varieties in different gardens were heterogeneous. The set of plant species was unique for every variety and garden. The most number of species of pathogenic fungi was found on the Idared variety in the Timashevsky district. Two species of Fusarium was first discovered as rot causing agent of apple fruits in the Krasnodar Territory F. solani (Mart.) Sacc and F. semitectum Berk. & Ravenel. Both species were found in the Dinsky district: one at the Red Delicious variety, and the second at the Starkrimson variety. Infection of flowers at the same time with two or three pathogens, which later co-developed in the seed chamber of the fruit, was established. The species of F. sporotrichiodes Sherb. was the most common in pathocomplexes. A study of the morphological and cultural characteristics of isolates of selected species in this study showed that cultural characteristics corresponded to those described earlier for these taxonomic units. For some species, the differences in growth rate, height, structure and color of aerial mycelium were noted. Most isolates of the species F. solani, F. semitectum, F. proliferatum (Matsushima), A. tenuissima ex Nees et T. Nees: Fries, and A. alternata (Fries: Fries) Keissler were characterized by rapid growth rates. According to the structure of the colonial aerial mycelium, homogeneous isolates species F. solani, F. semitectum, F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc and heterogeneous isolates species F. proliferatum, F. sporotrichiodes, were found. The color of aerial mycelium in most cases was homogeneous.
Quality improvement and improvement of organoleptic characteristics of cognac in its production is achieved mainly due to the extraction of oak wood components, their transformation to aromatic aldehydes and tannins and their accumulation in the mature cognac distillate in optimal concentrations. The method of preparation of oak wood is an important technological technique that has a great impact the quality of cognac. When processing the wood, the dissolution of some of the components of the cell walls occurs, which leads to an increase in the volume of cell cavities, and, as a consequence, to an increase in porosity. Increased porosity and increased permeability of the cell wall of wood fibers provides a more complete extraction of lignin, tannins and aromatic aldehydes by distillate in the mature process of cognac distillation. At the same time, respectively, the mechanical properties of wood are changed. The article presents the results of studies of changes in the adsorption capacity (porosity) of oak wood using the different ways of its activation: acid, alkaline, thermal and biochemical activation. It is established that alkaline treatment leads to the strongest changes in the structure of oak wood, by increasing the adsorption capacity (porosity) by 4,7-5,6 times. In the process of heat treatment of oak wood the value of adsorption on its surface increases in 4,4 times, and at biochemical treatment in 2,4-3,7 times in comparison with untreated wood. Acid treatment of oak wood was characterized by the lowest adsorption value among all the considered ways of treatments, increasing in the adsorption value by only 2,2-3 times.
The attention is focused on the aspects of increasing in the level of food self-sufficiency and the resulting by it the import substitution, the need for resource-technological development of viticulture and nursery in the Russian Federation is substantiated. A retrospective analysis is carried out, an assessment of the current state of the Russian wine and wine industry is made and the main trends in its development are identified. In order to develop nursery farming for the production of planting material in the proper volume and assortment, the need for the formation and systematic implementation of varietys and technological policies is substantiated, and due to the fact that macroeconomic processes distort the structure of production and accumulation the need for various and stable forms of State regulation and support. In order to achieve the goals of increasing in the production of certified grape seedlings in an amount that covers the needs for planting and renovation of plantations, the creation of breeding and nursery centers has been actualized to ensure the breeding process and the propagation of promising grape varieties in volumes that reduce an import dependence. The factors affecting the technological development of the vine and wine industry are identified. The role of science in the development of the vine and wine industry is determined. Based on many years analysis of the sectoral economics, climatic, agrocenotic changes and urgent scientific and practical problems, a number of scientific tasks are formulated, the solution of which is aimed at increasing in the efficiency and competitiveness of industrial production. The areas for the development of a sectoral economics, import substitution and concentration of scientific and technical potential and financial and material resources for achieving the target indicators in the development of the vine and wine industry are proposed, the implementation of which for the medium term is correlated with the fundamental positions of the Federal Law On Viticulture and Winemaking in the Russian Federation adopted this year.
In the breeding of fruit crops, in particular pears, the selection of hybrid offspring is very time- consuming and limit y the long-term cycle and it cause the inability identify the valuable traits of plant in the first years. This entails the need for further study of a larger number of samples, which ultimately does not lead to the positive results. Therefore, the possibility of applying the systemic cognitive analysis (ASK analysis) allows you to identify the patterns in the available information, analyze it and, based on this, give the possible forecasts. The quantitative estimation results of fruit quality of pear varieties and hybrids on signs complex with using an automated system-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis) and its software toolbox of intellectual system Eidos have been shown in this work. 3 statistical and 7 system-cognitive models have been generated, in which generalized the images of classes by quantitative estimation of signs complex of fruit quality of pears genotypes. Influence of values of genotyping features has been studied. The most reliable turned out to be model INF4, based on private criterion of ROI Return On Investment, the first variant of calculation of relative frequencies has appeared the most authentic: Nj - total quantity of signs on j class at integrated criterion of Sum of knowledges. By means of created model have been the forecasting problems (diagnostics, categorizations, recognitions, identification). Degree of classes determinancy and gradation importance of descriptive scales has been defined. Clusterizated analysis allocates 2 groups of genotypes on complex of quality signs. Possibilities of use of new algorithms clusterizated analysis in a method of cognitive clusterization, based on the ASK-analysis and realised in the intellectual Eidos system for a quantitative estimation of fruits quality in pear breeding have been defined. The results of agglomerative clusterization, differing from earlier known classical methods has been shown.