Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article presents the general trends of rhizogenesis of some cherry varieties of sour in vitro. The experiments were carried out from 2012 till 2015 in a biotechnological laboratory at the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station. The plant material of five cherry varieties ('Igrushka', 'Lyubskaya', 'Turgenevka', 'Shakhrazada' and 'Lava') was obtained from the department of genetic resources of breeding and varieties research at the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station. The plant material was put under the aseptic conditions in a previously selected agarized nutritious medium and after it was placed in a growing room with artificial lighting for further experiments on their development, reproduction and rootage. The experiments resulted in selection of out two modifications of nutritious medium on the basis of Murashige and Skoog medium (1962) for a successful elongation of microshoots of the cherry varieties under study. The five studied varieties of cherry formed the well-developed shoots of 2-2.5 cm in height in vitro on these growth media. For the rootage of cherry microshoots in vitro a modified agarized growth medium (UV3) based on the salts of M-S (1962) was chosen. The experiments showed that the most active process of rhizogenesis as well as a high percentage of rootage is characteristic of 'Igrushka' and 'Lyubskaya' varieties. We assessed the development of the root system using such parameters as the number of rootlets per plant and their length. 'Lyubskaya' and 'Igrushka' cherries turned out to possess the best average parameters of the variety. At these varieties the number of rootlets was 5 cm and 4.6 cm on average and their length was 6.8 cm and 6 cm respectively.
For modern clonal micro propagation the great interest is represented by low-toxic, environmentally friendly, budgetary growth regulators of new generation, in particular the derivatives of organic acids received when processing waste of agricultural production. These preparations pass the broad tests in agrarian production, but in vitro culture their test wasn't carried out. This work is performed for the purpose of study of plantlets' growth reactions and definition of an optimum ratio and concentration of new and traditional growth factors at a stage of regeneration and multiplication of plum micro shoots. As object of research the plum of Stanley variety is served. As a result of the conducted research it is revealed that on nutrient mediums where as a growth factor amber acid 4 mg/l was used, the reproduction coefficient for a passage (3,5) is the same, as well as on the medium with standard stimulators - BAP 0,2 mg/l and GA 1,2 mg/l, a little smaller coefficient of reproduction (3,3) - on the medium with potassium succinate. Use of amber acid, potassium succinate and sodium succinate in concentration 4 mg/l considerably reduces the level of micro shoots' chlorosis (by 53,9, 48 and 31,5% respectively), improves their general state (on 1,3; 1,2 and 0,9 points on a five-point scale respectively). The using of amber acid and a sodium succinate 4 mg/l significantly increases the quantity of the formed leaves on microshoots, on 4,1 - 4,4 pieces, in comparison with the standard (BAP 0,2 mg/l and GA 1,2).
Actual problem of modern gardening is improvement of quality of production. Along with the main indicators - productivity, winter hardiness, vitamin value of fruits - the new varieties must have the immunity to wreckers, viral and phytoplasma diseases. The Belgorod Region is the favorable agrarian territory of Russia for cultivation of the various fruit plants intended for industrial and amateur gardening. Research is conducted on the methodical managements. The assessment of plants on resistance to diseases was carried out under the field conditions visually dynamically on a natural rigid infectious background. The long-term dynamics of stability of types of the genus Cerasus L. is shown in the article under the conditions of the Belgorod Region to the most harmful diseases. Types of sort of Cerasus under the conditions of the Belgorod area are receptive to Coccomyces hiemalis, Clasterosporium carpophiylum and Monilia cenerea. With high stability to Coccomyces hiemalis the types of. C. vulgaris, C. maximowiczii, C. sachalinensis are distinguished, the types of C. besseyi and . fruticosa are defeated. Clasterosporium carpophiylum defeats all studied types of Cerasus. Among them the more steady are the types of C. avium, C. maximowiczii, C. sachalinensis. The types of . fruticosa and C. bessey are defeated in a strong degree. Monilia cenerea defeats in a greater degree the types of C. tomentosa, C. besseyi and . fruticosa. The types of C. mahaleb, C. maximowiczii, C. sachalinensis, C. japonica and C. glandulosa have a high resistance to monilia desease. With complex stability to illnesses under the conditions of the Belgorod area the types of C. avium, C. vulgaris are selected. These Cerasus types are perspective for introduction in the farms and for use in the plant-breeding work.
The paper considers the biological peculiarities of two the most winter-hardy species of bird cherry - Prunus padus L. and Prunus virginiana L., as well as of their hybrids of the first and subsequent generations and the known ornamental forms and varieties. We used the following for crossbreeding: Prunus padus L. 'Nezhnost' with pink petals, Prunus padus L. 'Colorata' with lilac-pink petals and red leaves in spring, and selected ungraded genotypes with various types of vigour and crown forms, as well as local specimens with very long clusters and big flowers. For crossing Prunus virginiana we used the 'Schubert' cultivar with red leaves in summer and autumn and selected multi-flowered specimens with long clusters. We created and officially registered three hybrid cultivars - 'Purpurnaya Svecha', 'Sibirskaya Krasavitsa' and 'Krasnyi Shater' with 'Schubert'-type red leaves differing in their crown form and vigour. New cultivars are being tested in the State Commission of the Russian Federation - 'Oblako' (Prunus padus L.), of medium growth with very big white flowers, and interspecific hybrids: 'Stroynaya', of strong growth with 'Schubert'-type red leaves but pink flowers, and 'Krasnyi sezon', a cultivar of low growth with red leaves year-round. The group of new genotypes with explicit ornamental qualities, that candidates for new cultivars, was prepared. We singled out the new genetic sources for breeding usage. For Prunus padus L., intraspecific crossing of the best specimens can result in highly ornamental and easily propagable cultivars. Prunus virginiana L. should be used to transfer certain the highly ornamental characteristics to hybrids. Interspecific crossing increases the diversity of characteristics of the hybrids and allows one to obtain their new original combinations. The paper discusses the promising trends in breeding of bird cherry for various ornamental characteristics and offers the brief descriptions of the origin and ornamental qualities of some created cultivars and hybrids.
The article is devoted to the history of one of the oldest scientific institutions in the viticulture and winemaking branch of Russia - Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking. The role of the heads of the Station during the period from the creation of institution to the present time is given. The history of the Station is inextricably connected with the history of the country - the pre-revolutionary period, the 1917 Revolution, the Civil War, the post-war period, World War II, restoration period and modern time. At each historical stage the heads of scientific institution have tested for professionalism. The evaluation of all that have made for 105 year period on the Station allow us to select a few of them, whose activity were the most important and productive for organization. First of all: Zhurbey P.E. - the founder of exemplary estates on wine-making with an experienced field of viticulture of Kuban Cossack Army; Committee members for management of Experimental Station - Krasnokutsky V.P.; Keller A.V., Tseydler E.D., which under the hardest conditions were able to organize the work of Station; Professor Merzhanian A.S., which in the thirties of the twentieth century formed a close team of scientists at the Station by attracting of talented professionals; Balayuev A.V., who organized in the war time the continuation of research in the Georgia evacuation and after returning from evacuation to Anapa; Safaryan A.M. and Zhukov A.I. which in the turbulent period for development of viticulture in the Soviet Union in 60-80 years have done much for the scientific ensuring of brunch, especially for implementation of the graft grapes culture in the Kuban region.