Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The data of study of rootstocks for large-fruited crops (plum, cherry plum, apricot) of breeding of SCFNCHVW and Stavropol breeding station are given. Their ability to root on heavy loamy soils with the use of the Fitaktiv Extra growth stimulator was studied. According to the results of monitoring the implementation of planting material, it has been established that now the combinations of plum grafted on rootstocks with a well developed root system providing strong fixation in the soil and allowing the mechanized harvesting are most in demand. In the Krasnodar Territory there are not enough soils suitable for fruit growing, therefore, the creation of rootstocks for stone fruit crops that can normally develop on wetland heavy loamy soils is very important breeding direction, that will significantly allow to increase the area of the gardens. The study carried out revealed the rootstocks that grow and develop poorly under the conditions of dense soils with high moistening and perish for several years. Therefore, it can be assumed that the plants isolated in the experiments on high rooting, good growth and development, as well as on a high score of the general state, can be evaluated as resistant to the stressors listed above. We also established that in the conditions of Goryacheclyuchevskoy district of the Krasnodar Region, the further research on the selection of optimal highly profitable scion-rootstock combinations of the stone fruit crops is necessary with the use of selected (according to the general state, the number of roots and the percentage of rooting) of the rootstocks 534 D and 935/6. The positive effect of the Fitaktiv Extra preparation on obtaining a quality planting rootstocks material for large stone fruit crops was noted.
A large number of technological methods for soil caring and plant causes the development of soil degradation processes and leads to the destruction of its natural structure and the destruction of plant cover. The soil, which is not protected by plant cover, is exposed to the destructive effect of the kinetic energy of rain drops and is scattered to the sides. As a result, the soil, which is not protected by plant cover, has a low content of humus and low water resistance, and even with a small degree of slope, this soil is subject to severe water erosion. The aim of the study is to develop the methodological approaches to the creation of ampelocenosis soil systems to prevent their degradation. The expeditionary, stationary field and laboratory methods of study were used. The following factors were taken into account: the intensity of soil cultivation, the steepness of the slope, the criterion of water resistance, and the percentage content of humus. It has been established that the factor of intensity of soil cultivation has the largest influence in the degree of development of water erosion, the second place is provided by the availability of humus, the third place in the steepness, the criterion of water resistance has an insignificant share of influence. The main factor in the development of methodological approaches to the creation of amphelocenosis soil systems is the maintenance of a deficit-free inflow of organic matter into the soil-forming process. It is shown that the main task in industrial viticulture should be to ensure a positive balance of organic matter in the ampelocenosis and its involvement in a small circulation of nutrients. In the course of the study of the processes of the onset and development of soil degradation on sites that have been used for a long time under the grape culture, the main methodological approaches to the systems for maintaining the soils of vineyards were formulated.
The impact of toxic chemicals on the vineyards and adjacent areas is enhanced due to inclusion in the new preparations of previously used active substances, characterized as highly toxic substances. Ecological and toxicological danger for the ecosystem of ampelocenoses is represented by preparations of long storage, primarily in the soil of the vineyards these preparation used. Their aggressiveness to microbes and bacterias speeds up the processes of soil degradation, and their partial migration in the ecosystem "soil-plant-grapes" pollutes the products with toxic chemicals. Organ-ic fungicides of the systemic action of the triazole group (falcon, wagon, colossal, spike) are combined by the presence in their composition of the tebuconazole active substance, distinguished by the duration and stabil-ity of preservation in the ecosystem of ampelocenoses. The purpose of this work is to study the interconnec-tion of the technogenic fungicides load containing tebuconnazole, and the ecological-toxicological state of ampelocenoses. The determination of the toxic residues was carried out according to generally accepted methods using chromatographs: gas "Color 500M", liquid "KNAUER" and atomic absorption spectrophotometer "Kvant-AFA". The research was carried out in the main agroecological viticulture zone of Temryuk district of the Krasnodar Territory (Agrofirm "Yuzhnaya") in two vineyard plots with an area of 5 hectares, under the same agrical and technological conditions. Option 1 annual industrial treatment with fungicides containing tebuconazole; Option 2 in the last year of study the fungicides studied were not used: they were changed by system fungicides of another group and this change allow us to determine the contamination of grapes with tebuconazole, migrating from the soil. As a result of the research, it was established, that the persistent and cumulative properties of tebuconazole, accumulated by soil, in 5 times higher than the permissible standards. The contamination of grapes with toxic residues of tebuconazole has been revealed.
The technological properties of plum and cherry plum fruits on the suitability for making fruit-salad have been studied. The study included 25 samples of plum and 13 samples of cherry plum, which are characterized by high taste qualities and different maturation periods. Tasting evaluation of fruit-salad of plum and cherry plum is carried out on a 5-point scale. The variety differences on the appearance col-or, consistency and taste of fruits in the fruit-salad, as well as on color, transparency and taste of the syrup are established. The varieties of plum and cherry plum are suitable for the production of excellent quality fruit-salad are selected. The overall evaluation of fruit-salad from cherry plum was from 4.0 to 5.0 points. The varieties of medium and late maturation were evaluated in 4.5 or more points (Klyukovka, Olenka, Cometa, Prevoskhodnaya Shuntukskaya). The other studied varieties had an estimate of 4.0 to 4.5 points. The total evaluation of fruit-salad from the plum's fruit was from 4.1 to 5.0 points. The varieties of early, middle and late maturation were 4.7 or more. The minimal overall score was 4.1-4.2 points for the Vengerka Sladkaya plum and Ekaterina (yellow). According to the results of the research, 10 varieties of domestic plum and 4 varieties of cherry plum are selected from the number of studied, the fruits of which are suitable for the production of fruit-salad with excellent taste. Different terms of fruits ripening of plum and cherry plum give the chance to increase in term of their preservation. A good taste of fruits and products of their processing allow us to recommend these varieties for use in breeding programs.
Fruits and berries are an important and indispensable part of the population's rational nutrition. The article presents the results of study of the chemical composition of 7 strawberry varieties, reflected their high nutritional and biological value, as well as antioxidant properties. Variety differences and the limits of accumulation of soluble solids, sugars (including glucose, fructose, sucrose), organic acids (citric, malic), vitamins, polyphenols, pectins, amino acids and macro- and microelements have been established. The cultivars sources of the higher content of biologically active substances are selected. It is shown that strawberry berries are the sources of functional ingredients: sugars, represented mainly by fructose and glucose, vitamins C and P, leucoanthocyanins and pectin, that allow them be used in the technology to produce the functional food products. With the use of strawberry, the recipe for a new type of canned food "Biojem" Strawberry", in which the main components are strawberry berries. The enrichment with pectic, mineral substances, vitamin P, polyphenols was carried out due to the additional introduction into the recipe of powder from secondary apple raw materials and the powder from grape squeeze, and the natural biocorrector Alexandrina was used to adjust the amino acid, mineral composition and vitamin C level. The new type of canned food "Biojem" Strawberry "is functional one and can serve as a part of the daily ration as a dessert for practically all age groups of the population in order to prevent the deficit of C and P vitamins. The product possesses the therapeutic and prophylactic properties due to the high content and a wide range of amino acids and mineral substances necessary for nutrition.