Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The purpose of our study is to clarify the harmfulness of root and leaf forms of phylloxera; to define the resistance of zoned and perspective grapes varieties to the leaf form of phylloxera; to identify the main actions in the fight against quarantine vermin. The research are carried out in the collection planting of Krasnodar Region using the phytosanitary monitoring of vineyards. To assess the resistance of varieties to harmful organisms the domestic scale is used, it is more convenient for modeling of grapes protection systems against vermin and pathogens. The results of long-term inspections of vineyards in the Krasnodar Region is presented in the article. The field resistance of zoned and perspective grapes varieties to a leaf form of phylloxera is shown and the preparations for protection of plants against this vermin form are estimated. It is established, that resistance of zoned and perspective grapes varieties to a leaf form of phylloxera is determined not only by the morphological and physiological features of varieties, but also by the degree of bushes by vermin colonization, that causes the spreading of vermin on the varieties previously, considered as resistant. It is noted, that therefore it is inexpedient in one planting to select the grapes varieties with different resistance to leaf form of phylloxera. The principle of selection of varieties in one planting is the data of ripening and uniform protection of plantings against harmful organisms. It is noted, that an assortment of preparation to fight against a leaf form of phylloxera is small now. The preparations approved for use against a quarantine vermin have the high toxicity and adverse influence on the useful fauna. Therefore the laying of new vineyards needs planting material free from a root form of phylloxera.
Allelic polymorphism of two apple-tree Md-EXP7 and Md-PG1 genes affected the density and the texture of fruits pulp of 21 modern and autochthonic (national breeding) apple-tree varieties of the Crimean are studied. The microsatellite markers to the specified genes, marked by fluorescent colers are used in the work. As result on a gene of Md-EXP7 9 heterozygotic samples (allelic combinations 198:202; 202:206; 202:214) and 11 homozygotic samples (alleles 200:200 and 202:202) are revealed. On a locus of Md-PG1 gene 14 homozygotic samples with an allelic combination 298:298 and 7 heterozygotic samples (alleles 288:298 and 291:298) are identified. It is known when the microsatellite repetition of Md-EXP7 marker is shorter, the fruit pulp is more dense: were Sinap white, Sinap Sudaksky, Amulet, Balaklavskoye and Tatar winter were the most valuable genotypes. On Md-PG1 marker the most valuable were the Amulet, Balaklavskoye, Demir Alma, Kandil Sinap, Salgirskoye and Sinap white with an allelic set 288:298, and also the Rumyanka Crimean and Tatarskoye winter with an allelic set 291:298. The consideration of results of the analysis of allelic polymorphism and combinations of alleles of Md-EXP7 gene of autochthonic Crimea varieties showed that 9 from 11 of national breeding varieties have the alleles of 198, 200 or 202 defining the high (198) or the average level of density (200 and 202). On the basis of its data it is possible to assume the existence of purposeful selection of an apple-tree forms by sign "quality of fruits" in the course of national breeding of an apple-tree in the region of studied varieties origin.
The high productivity and quality of a crop are the main priority objectives in the grapes breeding. The selection of donors and sources with positive qualities among varieties, collected in one agric-ecological zone and on one plot, significantly facilitates this task. Ampelografic collections have considerable impact on formation and enrichment of industrial assortment in the areas of the developed wine growing and wine-making, therefore the research work on an ampelografic and the varieties description are important and actual. We selected five technical grapes varieties which show the high productivity and quality of a crop during several years. Their frost resistance in 2006 and 2012 and the high crop capacity in 2006-2011 and 2013 put them in a row of the perspective varieties. Ariatika grapes has the average term of ripening, it is endures the frosts to -21C . Resistance to diseases and wreckers is average. Productivity is high. The Vaznisubishavi grapes has the average term of ripening, it endures the frosts to -25C , for the winter it doesn't take a cover. Resistance to diseases and wreckers is average, the productivity is high. Stepnyak grapes has middle early term of ripening, it is endures the frosts to -25C . Resistance to diseases and wreckers is high, the productivity is high. Bakator white has the early term of ripening, it endures the frosts to -25 C. Resistance to diseases and wreckers is high, the productivity is high. Cosmopolita grapes has a very early term of ripening, it endures the frosts to -20C . Resistance to diseases and wreckers is high, the productivity is high. The grapes varieties selected in a collection can be recommended as donors and sources of useful traits.
One of means of an intensification of production of fruit crops and grapes landing material is induction of growth correction effects by bioeffective preparations the growth regulators of plants. The objects of study of influence of bioeffective preparations on the plants growth processes were the shanks of table grapes varieties of Victoria and Kishmish Luchisty and also the apple-tree dwarf rootstock of Arm 18 and a semi-dwarf rootstock of MM106. As regulators of plants growth the preparations AES-17, KN-2, DEB-41 in a dose of 50 mg/l were tested. This is the regulators of new generation synthesized at the Institute of Chemical Sciences named A.B. Bekturov (Kazakhstan). As a result of the carried out research the high efficiency of application of all testing in the experiences stimulators of root formation on studied grapes varieties is established. The greatest efficiency was shown by the AES-17 and KN-2 preparations. The positive influence of physiologically active agents on formation of roots with diameter more than 2 mm is observed at both grapes varieties in all options of experience with use of plants growth regulators. The greatest number of these roots are observed in case of use of the KN-2 preparation. The use of plants growth regulators also promoted the increase in quantity of an apple-tree standard saplings in comparison with control. The quantity of saplings on the plots with processing of plants growth regulators is increased by 10,6-11,5% in relation to control. The carried-out economic analysis showed the high efficiency of new biologically active growth regulators. The use of growth regulators in the nursery positively influences on the economic indicators. Net income on the revealed in the experience options was 428 350-819 000 tenges/hectare.
The improvement of ways of the accelerated gooseberry reproduction is one of important problems of modern nursery planting. For increase of nursery production tne regulators of growth and organic-mineral fertilizers are used, they influence on the intensity and direction of processes of plants activity and reveal the genotype opportunities. Therefore is the selection of the most effective regulators of growth and the organic-mineral fertilizers with a wide, spectrum of activity affecting the efficiency of a gooseberry production and the quality of horizontal layers is an actual research problem. The field and genetic-statistical methods are used in the woork. There were 5 of a gooseberry varieties in a study. It is researched the nfluence of growth regulators of Zircon and Ribav-extra and the complex fertilizer of Nutrivant plus and organic-mineral fertilizer of Aminokat on efficiency of gooseberry reproduction in the by means of horizontal layers. The four options of preparation introduction of various concentrations are included in the scheme of experience. The data of the carried-out three-factorial dispersive analysis accurately proved the influence of the studied preparations on the quantity and total length of plants roots. The powerful contribution to variability of "conditions of year and a genotype of variety" on a shoot growth is noted. The considerable influence of "year and a genotype of variety" on diameter of plants trunks is revealed. The statistical analysis revealed a considerable specific responsiveness of gooseberry genotypes to the preparations used in the experience. It is proved that the preparation of Ribav Extra is the most effective for Yubileyny gooseberry, for Chernoslivovy and Rodnik gooseberry is Zircon, for Krasnoslavyansky gooseberry is Nutrivant plus + Aminokat. It is shown that the studied preparations did not have a statistically significant impact on a Malakhit gooseberry.