Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article gives the results of the study of pear breeding of South Ural Scientific Research Institution of Horticultural and Potato growing (now South Ural Scientific Research Institution of Horticultural and Potato growing branch of FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center UB RAS). For the first time in the southern region of Krasnodar region, the reaction of new varieties was studied and the display of economic and valuable features depending on the biological features of the variety and the natural and climatic conditions of cultivation was established. The tasks of studying new varieties of the Ural breeding for the conditions of the South of Russia are described. The value of pear fruits for fresh consumption, as primary produce for processing and horticultural wood in general has been noted. Economic and biological features of the growth and development of pear plants are presented. Flowering of the test varieties in Krasnodar conditions takes place 1-2 weeks earlier than locally districted varieties. Following varieties of summer ripening, resistance to return frosts and with a good yield were selected: Krasulya, Skazochnaya, Raduzhnaya. The article gives a brief Economic and biological characteristic of seven varieties of pear breeded by the South Ural Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato including: early summer, summer and autumn period of maturation. They are recommended for cultivation, both in production department and in the private sector, to expand the assortment of early summer and autumn pear varieties suitable for both fresh consumption and high-quality processing products. Introduced pear varieties can be used in the breeding process to produce a disease-resistant genetic material. Optimization of pear assortment in the conditions of southern Russia with new introduced adaptive varieties will provide an opportunity to rationally increase the biological potential of pear production, will allow to receive fruits of high taste and commodity qualities, reduce chemical treatments from pests and diseases and, thus, will increase the ecological safety of the environment.
The article presents the study results of uvological, agrobiological and some of biochemical indicators (the content of coloring agents and phenolic substances) of clusters and berries of the promising local wine grape variety Dzhevat Kara, cultivated in the eastern region of the South Coast zone of Crimea in commercial vineyard of FSUE PJSC Massandra, Morskoye branch. The studies were carried out during 2019-2020, year of planting 2002, planting pattern 3.0 x 2.0 m (2). Over the years of research we succeeded to collect the following data: clusters of Gevat Kara grape variety contain more than 95.0% of berries from the total cluster weight; average cluster weight is 525.6 58.45 g, weight of 100 berries is 210.75 1.53 g. The indicator of structure (21.94), berry index (60.9) and skin-to-flesh weight ratio (5.9), describing the distribution of physical elements (flesh, juice and skin) in a berry, indicate that Dzhevat Kara is attributed to wine grape varieties. The percentage of flesh and juice is on average 74.96%. As of September 30th , the content of sugars in berry juice consisted of 22.0-23.0 g / 100 cm3 with acidity value 6.0-6.9 g/dm3 , coloring agents 56.1 mg/dm3 , total phenolic substances 696.0 mg/dm3 . The Dzhevat Kara grape variety is a good pollinator for Kefesiya variety with functionally female type of flower. It ensures the accumulation of on average 52.3 mg/dm3 of coloring agents and 416.0 mg/dm3 of phenolic substances in berries of the variety. Recommended for breeding as a source of economically valuable traits of accumulation the coloring agents and phenolic substances in berries.
The main biological and economically valuable characteristics of the recognised grape varieties of the NCFSCHVW breeding are presented: Alcor and Granatovyi. Grapevine varieties for high-quality red wine production were obtained by intraspecific crosses of V. vinifera. The genotypes are adapted to the local conditions of cultivation, varieties Alcor and Granatovyi surpass Cabernet-Sauvignon in terms of resistance to pathogens in the conditions of the South of Russia. The Alcor and Granatovyi grape varieties are used to produce high-quality table and liqueur wines, as well as grape juice. The grapes of the Alcor and Granatovyi varieties are characterized by a high technological reserve of phenolic compounds, exceeding the similar indicator of Cabernet-Sauvignon by an average of 15 %. The wines have been repeatedly awarded high awards at Russian and international competitions and exhibitions. Table red wines from the Alcor and Granatovyi grape varieties are characterized by a full harmonious taste and a well-defined varietal aroma, a high total concentration of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, which cause an intense elegant dark ruby color. Liqueur wines also have a very intense color, with aging, the properties of liqueur wines are improved. Table and liqueur wines from the varieties Alcor and Granatovyi have a high concentration of antioxidants, including resveratrol and phenol-carboxylic acids. Alcor (2017) and Granatovyi (1987) varieties are included in the State Register of breeding achievements of the Russian Federation, approved for use. It is proved that the grapevine varieties of domestic breeding Alcor and Granatovyi are worthy competitors of European varieties for expanding the range of table and liqueur wines in the conditions of the south of Russia.
In the article are presented the results of studying the biological diversity of some indigenous grapevine varieties available in the Russian ampelographic collection using retrotransposon markers. In total, 10 indigenous grapevine varieties were selected for the study. These varieties belong to genotypes originating from the ecological-geographical groups of the Don and the Caucasus and, accordingly, are distant in origin. Thus, for the first time, genetic diversity and their relationship, obtained as a result of their description using retrotransposon markers, were investigated. As a result, a total of 1518 DNA bands were obtained, of which 67,69 % were polymorphic. At the same time, a different number of DNA bands per genotype was obtained as a result of amplification with all markers. The minimum amount (128) was shown by the Budai shuli variety, while the maximum (173) was found in the Kuldzhinskiy variety. The markers used in the work also generated a different number of DNA bands. In particular, the minimum amount was for Tvv-1 (79), while the maximum (171) was demonstrated by the marker 2373. Despite the relatively small total number of polymorphic bands, the Shannon Index (0.342) and the Diversity criterion (0.224) showed high indicators. These facts can be explained by the fact that the varieties selected for research have a distant origin. Nevertheless, the level of polymorphism may indicate that there is a certain relationship between genotypes due to the geographical location of their places of origin. Based on the results of the analysis, clustering of genotypes was carried out using the PCoA and Maximum Likelihood methods. At the same time, the close location in PCoA analysis and cluster tree of the Kuldzhinsky and Sibirkovy varieties was unexpected.
In the article are presented the botanical, agrobiological and economic-technological characteristics of a new table grape variety with the working Name Pamyati Peytel (G-7-26-258), in the ecological conditions of Southern Daghestan. The hybrid form G-7-26-258 obtained by crossing the varieties Nimrang x Agadai, belongs to the group of varieties of the middle-late ripening period. The duration of the growing season is 140 days with the sum of active temperatures 2980 º. Bushes of great growth, annual shoots ripen by 90-95 %. The cluuster is large, cylindrical, of medium density and dense. The berry is large, flattened, slightly lobated, light yellowish. The skin is of medium strength. The pulp is dense, thick-walled. The taste is harmonious, pleasant, refreshing. The seeds in the berry are two or four, more often one or three. The yield is 13-15 kg per bush. The sugar content of the juice is 161 g/dm3 , the titratable acidity is 5.9 g/dm3 . The transportability is high. Resistance to fungal diseases and pests in comparison with other tablezoned varieties is high. The variety shows tolerance to the root phylloxera, reaching a yield of more than 10 kg per bush in its own rooted culture at the age of more than 20 years against the background of overall phylloxera infestation. Winter hardiness is high, and frost resistance is sufficient for the open-earth zone of the coastal areas of the Republic of Daghestan in 2012 at -17.8 º the death of eyes was 33.2 %. The yield of the hybrid form of grapes G-7-26-258 is recommended for fresh consumption, export and storage. The introduction of the variety into production will contribute to the expansion of the assortment and conveyor of the Republic of Daghestan table grapes.