Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The share of raisin grapes in the total grape production in the country is very small. Of the 106 table grape varieties included in the register, only 4 varieties are raisin (Kishmish Luchisty, Korinka Russkaya, Yuzhnobarazhny, Yaltinskiy Bessemianny). These varieties are very popular, because their berries are used both fresh and dried. This article describes the seedless grape varieties of early and middle ripening period studied in the Anapa ampelographic collection: Lotos, Zhemchug Anapy, Kishmish Rozovy AZOS, Kishmish Luchisty, Shayan, Kishmish Moldavsky and Mechta. The results of phenological, agrobiological and economic observations are presented. According to phenological observations, the Lotos variety belongs to the group of early ones, to the group of early-medium ones Kishmish Luchisty and Shayan, the others to the group of medium ones. According to the agrobiological data, it was shown that the productivity of all the studied grape varieties is rather high. The highest coefficient of fruiting is observed in the varieties of Lotos, Kishmish Luchisty, Zhemchug Anapy, Mechta. In terms of the average mass of the bunch, the Kishmish Moldavsky (530 g), Kishmish Rozovy AZOS (500 g), Zhemchug Anapy (465 g) and Shayan (435 g) are stood out. The high content of sugars distinguished the varieties of Lotos, Kishmish Moldavsky. The highest tasting marks were given to the varieties of Lotos, Kishmish Luchisty, Zhemchug Anapy. The results can be used to improve the assortment of grapes on the Black Sea coast, and for selection work on the development of new varieties. By their agrobiological indicators, these varieties are technological and meet modern requirements for industrial cultivation.
In order to increase the production of sweet cherry fruits the rootstocks are needed that are suitable for intensive orchards. The purpose of this work is to assess the selected forms of rootstocks for sweet cherry at the reproduction stage in the nursery. Under the conditions of Southern Russia, when plants are cultivated on black soil, a significant reduction in the crown of cherry trees on low-growing rootstocks is often not observed. Therefore, the assessment of breeding material requires the ranking according to habit of cherry of combinations with rootstocks under the conditions where the gardens will be laid. It is also necessary to begin the study of the characteristics of fruit crops combinations already at the stage of reproduction. Studies were conducted in the nursery of EPD Tsentralnoye (Krasnodar) during reproduction of the selected forms (4-33, 11-4, 4-39, 4-34, 10-18, 3-39, 11-18, 5-44, 7-42, AI 12, B 72, AI 11, B 164, AI 70, B 1). The combinations of these forms with seed material obtained from Drogana Zheltaya sweet cherry were studied. As a result of the work, the best samples for compatibility with yellow-fruit sweet cherries were identified: 4-33, 11-4, AI 12, 10-14 100 %) and 5-44, 7-42, 4-39, AI 11, AI 70, 10-18 (80-89 %). Genetic-statistic analysis revealed a significant impact of the rootstocks forms the growth and development of sampling. The share of influence in the total dispersion of the signs studied by us ranged from 44.1 % (diameter) to 83.5 % (crown shape). The ranking of combinations of rootstocks with sweet cherry on the growth vigor and diameter of sampling is carried out. The forms with the lowest plant height were selected such as 10-18, 10-14, AI 70. The greatest branching of the sampling was observed in the combinations with 5-44, B72, B1 forms.
In order to increase the production of sweet cherry fruits the rootstocks are needed that are suitable for intensive orchards. The purpose of this work is to assess the selected forms of rootstocks for sweet cherry at the reproduction stage in the nursery. Under the conditions of Southern Russia, when plants are cultivated on black soil, a significant reduction in the crown of cherry trees on low-growing rootstocks is often not observed. Therefore, the assessment of breeding material requires the ranking according to habit of cherry of combinations with rootstocks under the conditions where the gardens will be laid. It is also necessary to begin the study of the characteristics of fruit crops combinations already at the stage of reproduction. Studies were conducted in the nursery of EPD Tsentralnoye (Krasnodar) during reproduction of the selected forms (4-33, 11-4, 4-39, 4-34, 10-18, 3-39, 11-18, 5-44, 7-42, AI 12, B 72, AI 11, B 164, AI 70, B 1). The combinations of these forms with seed material obtained from Drogana Zheltaya sweet cherry were studied. As a result of the work, the best samples for compatibility with yellow-fruit sweet cherries were identified: 4-33, 11-4, AI 12, 10-14 100 %) and 5-44, 7-42, 4-39, AI 11, AI 70, 10-18 (80-89 %). Genetic-statistic analysis revealed a significant impact of the rootstocks forms the growth and development of sampling. The share of influence in the total dispersion of the signs studied by us ranged from 44.1 % (diameter) to 83.5 % (crown shape). The ranking of combinations of rootstocks with sweet cherry on the growth vigor and diameter of sampling is carried out. The forms with the lowest plant height were selected such as 10-18, 10-14, AI 70. The greatest branching of the sampling was observed in the combinations with 5-44, B72, B1 forms.
The impact of cold stress is of great importance for scientific research in viticulture due to the relatively low cold resistance of grapes under the conditions of the viticulture zone of Russia, which leads to a significant decrease in yield. A better understanding of the physiological processes that influence the resistance of grapes to low temperatures is necessary for developing strategies to mitigate stress.The aim of this research was to study the changes in the antioxidant enzymes activity in grapes of different varietes with different cold- tolerance under the influence of the cold stress. Grapes shoots and buds of resistant and non-resistant varieties were chosen as research material. As the result of this work the different reactions of grape buds and shoots tissues to the low temperatures influence were observed. The resistant varieties were characterised by higher malonic dialdehyde content in vine tissues and buds than non-resistant varieties. For cold-resistant varieties the presence of high level oxidative processes are important for the activation of protective reactions. Influence of the cold stress resulted in elevation of antioxidant enzymes activity in the studied grape varieties. In the shoot`s tissues of resistant varieties the activity of these enzymes was higher than that of non-resistant varieties. Interestingly, that the relationships between cold-resistivity and antioxidant enzymes activity werent observed in studied buds, except for the peroxidase. n the studied varieties, there was no change in the number of peroxidase isoforms under conditions of low temperature stress, while its total activity significantly changed, which may be due to an increase in the expression of this enzyme. The activity of this enzyme changed drastically compared to the control. We suggest that the activity elevation of this enzyme is one of the defining protective reactions to the cold stress in grapes.
PRODUCTIVITY OF GRAPES AND QUALITY OF WINE DEPENDING ON THE PLANTING SHEME AND SHOOTS LOAD OF BUSHES
Changes in climatic conditions have the greatest influence on such type of activity as agriculture in general, and viticulture in particular. Harmonization of environmental factors, biological features of a plant and agrotechnology in ampelocenosis is the main condition for efficient grape production. In this regard, the study of the influence of the planting scheme and the shoots load of the bush on the productivity of grapes and the quality of wine is a relevant area of research. The purpose of our work is to establish the optimal planting scheme and the schoots load of the Riesling grape bush, the identifying the dependence of productivity, quality indicators of grapes and wine on the applied agricultural technology in the context of local climate change. It was found that under stress conditions in 2018, the plantations with three-meter spacing had the highest economic productivity, and sparse and compacted plantations the smallest. Under the influence of weather anomalies, a significant decrease in the average mass of the bunch and a decrease in the grape yield in the variants with a row spacing of 2.5 and 3.5 meters were observed. The most favorable for obtaining the high-quality products was 2017. In comparison with 2016, the difference in tasting evaluation ranged from 0.1 (with a scheme of 3.0 × 2.0 m) to 0.7 (with a landing scheme of 2.5 × 1.5 m). The most stable in quality Were the samples from grapes with three-meter spacing (7.8-8.0 points). The most stable quality of wine materials was observed from a grapes at vine planting scheme of 3.0 × 1.0 the range of fluctuations with an increase in bush load from 40 to 70 thousand pcs / ha was 0.1 points with a maximum value of 8.0 with a load of 50 thousand pcs / ha.