Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The main results of scientific research of the KRISPAP branch of FSBSI NCFSCHVW, obtained in 2022 by scientists of the Institute in the implementation of the State Task in 4 scientific areas within the framework of the implementation of 2 complex topics, as well as data reflecting publication effectiveness and patent-licensing activity are presented. Research work was carried out in accordance with the PFSR in the Russian Federation for the long-term period (2021-2030) in the direction of: 4.4.1 Storage and processing of agricultural products. Ensuring the priorities of the PFSR in the Russian Federation for the long term (2021-2030) provides for the need to conduct scientific research, the purpose of which is to identify patterns and mechanisms of the controlled transformation of pressed beet pulp, phospholipid concentrates liquid lecithins and tomato pomace using physical, physical and chemical and biotechnological methods aimed at regulating the properties, formation of the quality and safety of complexes of food pectin-containing fibers, phospholipids and carotenoids, and based on the identified patterns, the development of resource-saving technologies for their production, as well as scientific research aimed at identifying the patterns of development and interaction of producer strains biological preparations and pathogenic microorganisms (bacterial and fungal nature) that reduce losses from microbiological spoilage of zucchini, eggplant, garden carrot, white cabbage and leafy vegetables for development of resource-saving storage technologies based on the identified patterns. The results of scientific research were published in peer-reviewed journals 31 scientific articles, including 8 articles in journals included in the core of the RSCI, 16 articles in journals included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, 5 articles in journals indexed in international information and analytical citation systems Web of Science and Scopus. 8 articles have been published in the materials and collections of International Scientific and Practical Conferences. 1 instructional medium and 2 recommended practice also published. Based on the results of scientific research, 4 patents of the Russian Federation for inventions and 3 certificates of registration of computer programs were received, as well as 5 applications for alleged inventions were submitted to FIIP.
The article summarizes the results of the research work of scientists of the DBESV&VG branch of the NCFSCHVW, carried out in accordance with the State Task for 2022 and the Research Plan for 2022-2026 on the basis of the Program of the FSR of the State Academies of Sciences for 2021-2030. The research results reflect the main directions of the research station: genetic resources, breeding and varietal study of grapes, vegetable and subtropical fruit crops; development of methodology for the creation and operation of intensive own-root grape plantings in the phylloxera infestation zone; obtaining environmentally safe products of grapes, vegetables and subtropical fruit crops. The main objectives of the research work are the creation of new grape genotypes, based on the mobilization of the potential of wild species, native and high-value introduced varieties with high productivity, product quality and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses; improvement of the methodological base to accelerate the breeding process of grapes; disclosure of the fundamental mechanisms of the formation of genetic and functional resistance to grape diseases and pests, which will create the basis for the purposeful creation of new varieties with specified characteristics; scientific and applied bases for obtaining environmentally safe raw materials for the production of functional foods and dietary supplements for the prevention of oncological and cardiovascular diseases. The research results obtained in 2022 expanded the base of genetic sources and methodological approaches for the creation of adaptive grape varieties in the changing climatic conditions of the south of Russia, allowed to expand methodological approaches to the creation of own-root grape plantings and management of resistance to stressors, confirmed the fundamental possibility and effectiveness of hormonal management of the development of grape plants from the first year of life, as well as the quality of raw grapes, tomato and broccoli to create environmentally safe functional foods and dietary supplements, focused on the prevention of socially ignificant diseases.
Fundamental scientific research of the FSBSI ARNRIVW Magarach RAS is focused on the conservation and mobilization, the study of the gene pool of grapes, the identification of gene sources for marker-associated breeding. Comparative characteristics of 50 varieties were obtained for the formation of a database; 4 potential sources of valuable traits. Microsatellite profiles of 50 unknown grape samples and 66 hybrids were obtained for the certification of genetic resources. Identification of 23 grape samples was performed; the genotypes of 50 wild grape samples of Crimea were evaluated by 3 SSR loci VC8g9, VMC1g3.2, VMC4f3.1 associated with the genes Rpv6, Rpv13, Run1. A system of induction of the development of various stages of somatic embryoids of grapes has been developed. Cytogenetic study of plants in vitro was carried out. A new gene pool was obtained in the amount of 6199 hybrid seeds and 733 hybrid seedlings. To determine the physiological and morphological criteria of heat resistance and to identify the varietal specificity of autochthonous grape varieties, the possibility of testing them for resistance to high temperatures in the leaf area in vitro was established; varieties that adapt better to heat conditions were identified: Alburla, Tanagoz and Tergulnek. The emphasis is on the creation of technology of clonal micro-propagation, the use in the production of a vegetative collection of grape varieties and clones in vitro, the development of biotechnologies for improving plants from phytopathogens, the development of technologies for testing planting material for latent infections of viruses, phytoplasmas and bacterial cancer. Recommendations on agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of viticulture and winemaking based on agroecological zoning of the territory have been developed. The best varietal-rootstock combinations were highlighted. A structured data set (photosets) has been formed, containing about 102 thousand photographs of parts of grape plants, including those with symptoms of lesion, damage by 11 infectious diseases, 12 phytophages and 8 non-infectious developmental pathologies. For organic viticulture, the effectiveness of 6 technological protection schemes and 6 microbiological preparations and biologically active substances was evaluated. Data on reducing losses and maintaining the marketable quality of table grapes during long-term storage were obtained. The obtained results are the basis for ensuring the innovative development of authentic viticulture, improving the quality and competitiveness of domestic products.
The article presents the results of research activities for 2022 of the FSBSI ARNRIV&W Magarach RAS on wine-making, carried out in accordance with the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research in the Russian Federation for the long-term period (2021-2030). The system of control over the production of wines with zero and reduced SO2-load is justified: selection of varieties and quality control of grapes by pH value, sugar content, titrated acids, aldehydes, ketoacids, sulfurous acid, oxidase activity; screening of Sacch. cerevisiae cultures, which provides an assessment of the duration of adaptation to sulfur dioxide, determination of growth parameters and the ability to synthesize acetaldehyde and SO2, selection of cultures for the grape variety; postoperative control of the production and processing of wine materials by pH. Significant indicators have been established that take into account the origin of grapes and characterize its technological potential. The dynamics of the components of the physico-chemical composition (volatile substances, aromatic aldehydes and acids, substances of phenolic nature and the degree of tannin oxidation), optical and organoleptic characteristics of cognac distillates in contact with oak wood for 3 years of aging, taking into account the grape variety, were established. The stability of natural strains of lactic acid bacteria to sulfur dioxide and phenolic substances was assessed, information was obtained on the ability of strains of lactic acid bacteria to synthesize biogenic amines. A collection of strains of lactic acid bacteria, promising and safe for wine-making, has been formed. The main approaches to solving the problem of confirming the geographical origin of wine products were highlighted. In the stems and leaves of shoots of grape plants were identified representatives of biologically active compounds: oxybenzoic acids, oxycoric acids, flavones, stilbene substances; oligomeric procyanidins, polymer proanthocyanidins. The obtained results contribute to improving the quality of domestic wine products, expanding its production, including wine-making with ecological and geographical statuses, the production of cognac and grape processing products of a functional orientation, which contributes to increasing the competitiveness of domestic wine products, import substitution and ensuring the country's food independence.
The article summarizes the results of scientific researches conducted by the ARRIV&W branch of the FSBSI FRARC in 2022. The research was aimed at: preservation and study of the genetic collection of grapevine plants, creation of new varieties with high biological potential, management of the production process, formation of technologies for the production of improved planting material, new systems of grape cultivation, monitoring and protection of grape plantations from harmful organisms, study of the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the growth, development of plants and the quality of products. As a result of the research, new knowledge was obtained in the field of viticulture and wine-making, the mobilization and replenishment of the ampelographic collection with varieties of various ecological and geographical origins continued, valuable genotypes were identified for their use in practical breeding and introduction into production. Breeding material was obtained: 2 donors, 52 sources of economically valuable traits. 26 seedlings, 22 promising forms of grapevine were identified as the elite. The seedless table-technical complex-resistant high-yielding grapevine variety Kivin was submitted to the State Varietal Testing. In 2022, 4 grape varieties were included to the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use. Biotechnological methods were developed for medium-term storage of grapevine in the collection in vitro. Experimental data were obtained on improving the technologies of planting material production and maintaining semi-covered and covered vineyards, which ensure the stable production of grapes and viticultural products. Seven vine-growing zones in Rostov region were allocated. The ecological, agrobiological, technological parameters of grapes and wine that affect the quality of grape and wine products have been determined.