Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The use of secondary resources of the agrarian industry is one of the main tasks in environment protecting. The paper considers the principles of obtaining a concentrated extract of grape pomace from the red grape Granatovy variety and its use in the production of marmalade. For concentrating the extract, a rotary evaporator was used, the concentration factor was equal to 10. It was found that extract concentrating from fermented grape pomace ensures its stability and improves technological indicators. In the original extract, the content of anthocyanins is determined by photocolorimetric metod, the content of organic acids, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium cations – by capillary electrophoresis. The extract obtained contained the toxic metals within the permissible level and had an intense red color in a weakly acidic environment, it was used as a correcting natural dye in the marmalade technology. Experimental marmalade samples were tasted. The sensory assessment procedure involved 10 specialists, including 6 women and 4 men, aged 29-45 years old (7 people), and 46-65 years old (3 people). All participants are confectionery experts, work in the confectionery industry and have professional experience in sensory analysis. Sensory assessment results were expressed on a 5-point rating scale. The best tasting characteristic was obtained for a sample of marmalade with the addition of a concentrated grape extract of 0.3% by weight, the total score was 17.5. The control sample on an artificial color substance was rated at 14.9 points. Within the framework of this article, the composition of the extract of grape pomace is analyzed, the technology for obtaining the extract and its further use in the confectionery industry is presented.
A specific conceptual framework has been developed that reflects the functional load of a concepts number, such as edaphic, biocenotic, agrocenotic stability, management of ecological and economic stability of reproductive processes; a cognitive map of environmental and economic stability management, and tools for managing the functional stability of grape agrocenoses. The necessity of managing the ecological and economic sustainability of grape agrocenoses, the organization of which has a pronounced specificity, is grounded. The parametric model of ecological and economic stability of grape agrocenoses is developed. A comparable assessment of the actual values of indicators characterized the ecological and economic stability of the agroecosystem elements with the normative values is given. Functional imbalances and imbalances in the organization of grape agrocenoses are revealed, due to both the negative manifestation of a decrease in edaphic, agrocenotic and biocenotic stability, and the negative influence of macroeconomic factors reduced both the economic efficiency of production of industrial products and reproductive opportunities. The criterions for managing the ecological and economic stability of grape agrocenoses are developed: equilibrium, adaptability, stability. A cognitive map of the management of ecological and economic sustainability of grape agrocenoses is proposed, which allows us to determine the functional relationships between the structural components of agrocenoses and to assess the consequences of the influence of various factors (internal and external) the stability and efficiency of reproduction processes in the industrial viticulture. The optimal parameters of edaphic, biocenotic and agrocenotic stability are calculated based on the identified ecological and economic dependencies. The tools for managing the functional stability of grape agrocenoses are considered. Evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed cognitive models of management of ecological and economic stability that will allow you to adjust financial costs within the standard range; to achieve the optimal level of implementation of production potential; to reduce the level of chemical technogenic effect the components of agro-ecosystems; to ensure the necessary quality and food safety of the products obtained; to achieve a high technological and economic outcoming.
The most important technique of agricultural technology to increase the productivity and quality of grapes is pruning of bushes, the length of which depends on the most productive zone of shoots. To determine the zone of the greatest production of the shoot, the embryonic fruitfulness of the buds is estimated, depending on the biological characteristics of the grape varieties and agroecological factors of the location, both natural (weather and climatic, soil and spatial conditions) and anthropogenic (management system, pruning, fertilizer use, etc.). In 2018, we studied the special aspects of inflorescences formation and differentiation of new table grapes hybrid forms of E.S. Gusev breeding (Volgograd) under the arid and hot conditions of the Volgograd. Territory in this work research results are presented of the embryonic fruitfulness of the new table grapes hybrid forms of Ispolin, Courage, Hamlet, Valencia, Artek, Timothy in the Krasnodar Region. The study of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out in the vineyards growing in the agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar Region Central Zone, subzone ¹ 4. Selection of the studied shoots and assessment of the embryonic fruitfulness of buds under winter were carried out during the period of deep physiological rest of plants by microscopy (Micromed MS1) in the laboratory of NCFSCHVW. The regularity of different laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences in the studied grapes hybrid forms, as well as differentiated coefficients of fruitfulness and fruiting along the length of shoots are established. The highest rates of fruiting and fruitfulness were in the grape hybrids of Hamlet, Artek and Timothy under the conditions of temperature stress, the highest embryonic productivity was observed in the zone 6-8 wintering buds.
This article is devoted to the problem that is acute all over the world – the conservation of plant biodiversity. Classical methods no longer cope with this task. The application of achievements of biotechnology, in addition to traditional methods of ex situ and in situ conservation biodiversity, enables the sustainable management of genetic resources. Keeping the plants in a slow-growing collection is a successful and widely used method of plants maintenance in gene banks. Most researchers have noted that the way of plant reaction on techniques and methods of clonal micropropagation depends on a variety, so there are no unique algorithm f or creating a collection. A special approach is needed for every variety or a group of varieties. The paper presents research materials on the development of minutes for creating an in vitro slow growing collection for storing the Fioletovy Ranniy grapevine variety. The studies analyzed the effects of various components of nutrient medium on the rate of growth processes, as well as the place of explant extraction for further cultivation. All experiments were performed in the laboratory of biotechnology of the All-Russian Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko according to the methods generally accepted in biotechnology. As a result of studies, the improvement of the survival rate of meristems, their growth characteristics, and shoot formation was proved due to complex use of apical meristems and preparation of Ribavirin, Melafen, and the antibiotic of Cefotaxime. The growth processes of plants was slowed down when sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol were applied to the nutrient medium. Clarification of the parameters of use of studied preparations allowed to increase in the duration of vine plants’ storage up to 10-12 months without replanting, that contributes to the preservation of genetic purity and reduces the cost of future maintaining the collection.
The paper presents the results of the study of the influence of phylloxer-resistant rootstocks Berlandieri × Riparia Kober 5BB and Berlandieri × Riparia Teleki 4B (CO4) on the agrobiological and uvological parameters of clones of the Semillon technical grape variety in the Alushta Valley (Alushta branch of JSC PJSC Massandra). For the research, the following plots were taken: plot No. 92, with an area of 1.12 ha, where the Semillon 173 grape clone bushes grow, grafted on the Berlandieri × Riparia Kober 5 BB rootstock (2008 planting year, scheme 3m ×1.0 m) and plot No. 91, with an area of 0.72 ha, where the Semillon 299 clone plants are cultivated, grafted on the Berlandieri × Riparia Teleki 4B (CO4) rootstock – 2008 planting year, scheme 3.0 m × 1.0 m) on both plots the bush management system is a vertical three – wire trellis, forming AZOS-1, the height of the stem is 1.3 m. The study of uvological and agrobiological indicators of Semillon clones on various rootstocks showed that plants in the Semillon 299 variety – double combination (CO4 rootstock) had a high level of fruiting coefficient (0.92), rather large bunches (277.0 g), the average yield from the bush was 3.6 kg/bush, high shoot productivity by the raw mass of the bunch – 254.9 g/shoot, the percentage of pulp and juice yield – 76.91 Tasting evaluation of wine material (7.71 score) allows you to recommend a clone for the production of table wines.