Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Powdery mildew a disease of the vine, the causative agent of which is the ascomycete Erysiphe necator. The pathogen causes the significant damage to industrial viticulture throughout the world. Growing of resistant grape varieties is the best way to reduce pesticide control of the disease and produce an environmentally friendly crop. Genotypes that are resistant to powdery mildew mainly belong to the North American and Asian grape species. Currently, the urgent task of the breeding and genetics of grapes is to search for donors of resistance and their involvement in the process of creating the new, highly resistant and high-quality varieties. To date, more than 10 major and minor loci of resistance to powdery mildew in the genome of grapes have been identified. Locus Ren3 was identified on chromosome 15 in the genotypes of the Regent and Villard Blanc grape varieties. DNA-markers suitable for gene detection were also found. We have tested two closely linked DNA markers (UDV116, GF15-28) on 11 genotypes of grapes of different origin. The DNA of Regent and Villard Blanc, in which the Ren3 gene was identified (positive controls), Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay varieties (negative controls), as well as 7 genotypes of grapes potential gene carriers, were included in the work. The work was carried out by PCR with the separation of reaction products by capillary electrophoresis using an automatic ABI Prism 3130 genetic analyzer. Target PCR products corresponding to the literature data are defined in the Regent and Villard Blanc grape genotypes, as well as in the genotypes of Donus, Dunavski Gymza and Storgosia genotypes.
In order to put into production the high-quality, high-variety planting material of fruit crop rootstocks in demanding quantity, it is necessary to quickly propagate the high-tech, proven clonal rootstocks to create their mother nursery plantations. The number of promising technologies capable to ensure the competitiveness of stone crops production include the reproduction using biotechnological methods. The work for reproduction in vitro of some rootstocks obtained by distant hybridization in the Department of fruit crops was carried out in 2012-2017 in the laboratory of biotechnology and biochemistry of the Crimean Experimental Selection Station of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources. This article presents a brief description of vegetative propagated rootstocks of hybrid origin for varieties of cherry plum, apricot, peach and plum, as well as for varieties of sweet cherry and cherry. Consideration is given to the creation of plant cuttings mother nursery based on their accelerated clonal micropropagation in vitro. The physical conditions have been optimized for the explants cultivation at the main stages of reproduction of the studied rootstocks for stone fruit crops in vitro. As a result of the research, the most acceptable nutrient media were determined based on the nutrient agarized media Murashige and Skoog (1962) and Woody Plant Media for each reproduction stage. It is shown that, depending on the genetic origin of the rootstock, the survival rate of explants when introduced into culture on the above modified media was, on average, not lower than 60 %: it was the highest in the rootstocks of VSL 2 and Kuban 86 (up to 90 %), and it was low (≈ 40 %) in VSV 1 and VVA 1 rootstocks. We were concluded that there is a real opportunity when stone fruit crops cultivating to use the rootstocks from plant cuttings mother nursery laid by planting material grown by the microclonal propagation method.
Climate change on the planet is characterized by increased aridity in the regions where grapes are traditionally cultivated, the grapes is one of the most important crop in the world. Grapes vegetation takes a place at high temperatures, soil and atmospheric drought. Under such conditions, the plants are affected by a combination of abiotic and biotic stresses, causing the defensive reactions that are unique to each combination of stress factors. The aim of the research is to study the changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes of various grape varieties under the influence of osmotic and high-temperature stresses. The objects of study were the leaves of different grape varieties, under the influence of simulated drought and high temperature. To simulate a drought, the leaves were dried for 2 hours at room temperature. To simulate the high-temperature stress, the grape leaves in the glasses with distilled water were kept n a thermostat for 2 hours at a temperature of +50 º. Different enzyme isoforms have different activity when the environmental conditions change, so the formation of several isoenzymes with differtnt molecular weights may show the adaptive response of plants to stress. It is found that for the most of the studied grape varieties, short-term exposure to stress led to decrease in the number of peroxidase isoforms, and decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase and a phenolic oxidizing peroxidase. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase changed less than the activity of the other two enzymes. The content of MDA, which indirectly characterizes the development of secondary oxidative stress, was markedly increased in all studied grape varieties. This reaction may be associated with the activation of signaling cascades in the grape plants, which requires an increase in the level of secondary oxidative stress, for the further formation of protective reaction. Our study have shown that different grape varieties are sensitive to different types of stress. These research will continue to study the reactions of grape plants at a longer exposure time of studied stress factors.
Organic grape acids play a key role in sensory perception of wine and have a direct impact the formation of its organoleptic characteristics; contribute to the protection of wine materials and wines from the development of harmful bacterial microflora; affect the intensity of redox processes by inhibiting the action of oxidative enzymes; ensure the stability of wine products. The main grape berries acids (more than 90% of the total amount of acids) are tartaric and malic acids. Their content in grapes is due to a number of factors - grape variety, meteorological conditions during ripening, air temperature (cool conditions contribute to a higher content of malic acid in the ripe berries), water circulation in the plant stem, soil-microclimate complex, and agrotechnics of grape bush cultivation. The amount of these acids and their ratio largely determine the amount of titrated and active acidity of grapes. The purpose of this research was to study the composition of organic acids of grapes of European and Crimean aboriginal varieties from different soil and climatic regions of the Crimea. According to the results of research we have carried out the role of the grape variety in organic acid accumulation in the berries was confirmed. The similarity of grapes organic acids profiles was revealed between Pinot Blanc and Sary Pandas; Kokur Belyi, Rkatziteli and Muscat Belyi. The role of the soil and climatic conditions of grapes growing in the process of formation of composition of organic acids complex was shown. The possibility of using the organic acids complex as an indicator of the quality of grape raw material for the production of wines with geographic status as well as for optimization of technological methods of their production was confirmed.
The results of assessment of embryonic fruitfulness at new table grape varieties of domestic breeding are presented. The level of embryonic fruitfulness of different varieties considerably differs, despite of identical conditions of growth environment. Considering the significant influence of biological features and also environment conditions on laying of embryonic inflorescences and yielding of plantings, the task is to establish the regularities of embryonic inflorescences formations and to optimize the cutting length of shoots for the table varieties of Akello, Hamlet, K.M. Dubovsky, Dubovsky Red. Studying of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out on the vineyards growing under agroecological conditions of continental climate of the Volgograd Region. Selection of shoots and the assessment of embryonic fruitfulness of the wintering buds were carried out in the period of deep physiological dormancy of plants by a microscope in NCFSCHVW laboratory. The regularity of making and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences of the studied grape varieties and also the differentiation indicators of coefficients of fructification and fruitfulness on length of shoots, as well as the adaptive potential of varieties under the stressful conditions of 2018 is determined. The highest rates of fructification and fruitfulness and also adaptive potential under the conditions of temperature and water stressor have had Akello and Hamlet grapes. Akello had the highest rates of fructification and fruitfulness, the highest embryonic productivity was observed in a zone of 6-7 wintering buds. For maintaining the maximum economic efficiency of grapes the optimum length of shoots pruning for Akello after stressful conditions of vegetation has to be 8 eyes. The Hamlet grapes had the highest rates of fructification and fruitfulness in a zone of 3 wintering buds. The pruning length of shoots has to be 4 buds. At variety K.M. Dubovsky and Dubovsky Red was observed a low adaptive potential under conditions of high-temperature and water stresses. To establish the optimum length of shoots pruning of these varieties the research will be continued.