Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article presents the results of studies of physiological and biochemical changes occurring in the tissues of grape shoots under the natural weather and climatic conditions of winter 2020. Taking into account the developing import substitution policy in Russia, the relevance of these studies is confirmed by the need to form a grape assortment adapted to modern conditions of changing climate. In this case, the ecological and geographical origin of the variety is of great importance. Varietal differences in the formation of grape plant responses to the conditions of a changing climate, which are closely related to ecological and geographical origin of plants were revealed. It was found that in all the studied grape varieties, the nature of the dynamics of the starch content, which is the main reserve substance in the winter period, is an important factor for plant adaptation to winter conditions. Maximum starch content was found in the varieties of Dostoyny and Kristall (1.25-1.26 mg / g dry substance), which indicates their increased winter hardiness. The cultivars of Dostoyny and Aligote showed a high contribution of sucrose content to the formation of a protective response to winter conditions. The protective function of proline as an osmoprotector in the process adaptation was manifested in the varieties of Dostoyny, Vostorg, Zarif. A greate role in the formation of resistance in the varieties of Vostorg, Krasnostop, Kristall, Zarif of ascorbic acid was noted, which is an active antioxidant, the content of which was 17.2-29.8 μg / g of raw material. Anthocyanins made a significant contribution to the protection function of the Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall varieties, the content of which in February increased by 1.9-2.0 times compared to January. Based on the results of the research, it was concluded that in the Dostoyny variety a great role for formation of protect mechanism belong to anthocyanins, and in the Vostorg variety to proline. It has been shown that the induction of a protective response in winter is more manifested in the Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall varieties in comparison with Aligote and Zarif varieties.
The aim of the work is to identify the effect of joint application of jasmonic acid with promising physiologically active compounds of various mechanisms of action on the biochemical characteristics of grape roots in connection with resistance to phylloxera. The work was carried out on the production and experimental basis of the DSTSVH branch of the CFSCHVW. The object of research is annual plants of the grape varieties Bianca, Rkatsiteli, Moldova, Agadai, Pervenets Magaracha, Decemberskiy, Podarok Magaracha, Antey Magaracskiy, Cober 5 BB, two-years Agadai plants against the background of phylloxera; physiologically active substances of various mechanisms of action: FAS-1-JSAS; FAS-2-NAS; FAS-3-EAS; FAS-4-JAS (jasmonic acid). The influence of jasmonic acid the processes of grape resistance to the vermin when used separately and in combination with JSAC, NAS and EAS preparations was studied. The nature of changes in the BAS content in the roots during phylloxera attack and FAS treatment in tolerant grape varieties has been studied, which allows us to get closer to understanding the mechanism of resistance formation at the biochemical level. Grape varieties that are tolerant to root phylloxera have different biochemical and hormonal statuses outside of vermin infection, which change to varying degrees in response to phylloxera infection and FAS treatment. The results of research indicate that carbohydrate, amino acid, and phenolic metabolism is associated and involved in the process of response and adaptation of the grape plant to the vermin with the corresponding hormonal status, but it is not unambiguous and unidirectional. Effects of the use of ZHAS (increasing the content of ABA, aromatic amino acids, tyrosine and phenylalanine, which are the basis of the shikimate metabolic pathway), allow to suggest an increase in the action of JSAC + NAS + EAS on the resistance of grapes to root phylloxera.
To optimize the conditions of a slowly growing culture, of considerable interest is the study of the effectiveness of introducing the various growth inhibitors (osmotics, etc.) and cations, in particular calcium, into nutrient media. In this regard, the goal was to identify the effect of calcium and mannitol the physiological and biochemical parameters of large-leaved hydrangea in a slow-growing in vitro culture. The results of a study to optimize the cultivation of large-leaved hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla Ser.) in a slow-growing in vitro culture are presented. We studied the effect of various concentrations of calcium (440-660-880 mg/L) under osmotic stress, which was modeled by the introduction of mannitol at a concentration of 40 g/L in a nutrient medium. The morphometric parameters of the plants were estimated as the height of the microshoots, the number of leaves on the microshoot, the number of internodes, the number of roots, the length of the roots, the relative electrical conductivity of the leaves, and the content of free proline. The results of the studies showed the possibility of non-stop preservation in culture in vitro for 4-8 months of microshoots and microplants of large-leaved hydrangea. The experiments revealed the ability of plants studied to reduce the kinetics of growth and maintain viability at elevated concentrations of calcium in the nutrient medium (CaCl2 660 and 880 mg/L). It is shown that the addition of mannitol at a concentration of 40 g/L to the nutrient medium caused a strong osmotic stress in hydrangea regenerant plants (with prolonged cultivation), leading to inhibition of plant growth and development, decrease in cell membrane stability and accumulation of free proline. Under conditions of osmotic stress, an increase in the concentration of calcium in the nutrient medium contributed to a more intensive accumulation of free proline, which increased in the stability of microprobe.
Under the favorable climatic conditions and with good agro-technology, the pear-tree produces high regular yields, a pear is a highly presentable crop and the pear varieties differ in productivity. The creation of highly productive pear orchards is impossible without the correct selection of rootstocks and varieties that, along with high taste and commercial qualities of fruits, are well adapted to the external conditions of specific regions, fast-growing and high productive with moderate tree growth and resistance to diseases and pests. This article presents the results of many years of work on breeding and variety study of pear in the Stavropol Territory. Data on the growth and fruiting characteristics of 12 pear varieties on the rootstocks of pear and quince A are presented. The influence of the rootstock tree vigor, the enter into the fruiting season, and the fruit maturation period is shown on the example of the Curie and Talgarskaya Krasavitsa pear varieties. Based on the research results, the tree planting schemes and scion-rootstock combinations for laying the gardens with a planting density of 555 and 1000 trees per hectare were identified and recommended. The promising pear varieties were identified and recommended for use in industrial cultivation in the South of Russia. Optimization of the pear assortment under the conditions of the South of Russia with new adaptive and productive varieties will make it possible to effectively realize the biological potential of pear varieties and increase in fruit production, as well as will allow you to get the fruits of high taste and commodity qualities, reduce the chemical treatments of gardens from vermins and diseases, and thus increase in the ecological safety of the environment.
It is suggested that the effect of drugs as chemical substances with physiological activity at the molecular and cellular levels may be identical or similar for animal and plant organisms due to common targets of drugs, in particular, such as ion channels and enzymes. Research on the search for substances whose use at a certain critical stage of organogenesis of generative organs of a particular seed grape variety can induce embryo abortion and seedless berries without negatively affecting the conducting system of the grape comb, the degree of lignification of the comb, and the shedding of seedless berries is of relevance. An important condition and requirement for these drugs should be the environmental and biomedical safety of their use. The purpose of research is to screen physiologically active substances of pharm phytohormonal activity and are promising for use in viticulture. The research was carried out on the plantations of grapes Closed Joint-Stock Company them Sh. Aliyev (2004-2005) of the Republic of Daghestan and experimental basis of DSTSVH branch NCFSCHVW (2017-2019). The object of research the generative grape organs of Agadai and Moldova varieties, which occupies a large area in the Republic of Daghestan. The influence of pharmacological preparations isolated at the stage of virtual screening on the development of ovary elements when used at the stage of pollination (blossoming) and post-fertilization (7 days after mass blossoming) was studied. The standard was classical growth regulators with different mechanisms of action analogs of phytohormones. Screening and initial assessment of the pharmacological drugs effect of various classes the generative grape organs were carried out. A stimulating effect the weight of berries was found levamisole (+11%), dibazole (+18 %), mercazolil (+32%), methyluracil (+41 %) and ranitidine (+60%) during post- fertilization treatment. Treatment by pyrantel and nifedipine of inflorescences at the stage of pollination reduces the number of seeds and their weight in the berries, which leads to increasing a seed index of Agadai variety by 2.5 times Nifedipin increases in seed index Moldova variety by 1.5 times. Pharmacological preparations can be promising for use in the technology for obtaining the seedless berries, speeding up the beginning of crop maturation, increasing in the yield and quality of seed grapes without adversely affecting the commercial value, environmental and biomedical safety of products.