Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The development of fruit growing and viticulture under modern conditions is aimed at a comprehensive solution of the main task the obtaining the highest possible yield of high quality fruits from a unit of area while reducing their cost. The use of physiologically active substances in fruit-growing and viticulture, namely the proper and balanced mineral nutrition, can contribute to the successful solution of this problem. Mineral nutrition plays an important role in the growth and development of agricultural plants. It is known that the bulk of fertilizers have a selectivity of their action on various species, varieties, various tissues and organs of the plant organism. As a result of their action, significant changes occur in biomass, winter hardiness and productivity of fruit crops and grapes. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of foliar nutrition with TM Glycerol preparations the yield and quality of grapes and apple-tree. The methods and techniques generally accepted in viticulture and horticulture were applied in this research. It was evaluated the mineral nutrition system on the basis of TM Glycerol as a foliar top dressing for fruit crops and grapes (optimal rates and terms of fertilizer application) and the influence of this system the productivity and quality of Moldova table grape variety for example and Spartan apple variety for example. Study carried out have shown that the use of foliar fertilizers TM "Glycerol" contributed to the reduction of the productive period of studied grapes and apple-tree for 4-5 days, due to the acceleration of the ripening process, as well as an increase in fruitage: for Moldova grapes by 20,1 %, for Spartan apple 25 %.
The creation of resistant varieties to coccomycosis (one of the most harmful diseases of cherry and sweet cherry) corresponds to the strategic directions for the development of Krasnodar Territory No. 1: a cardinal improvement in the quality and longevity of the population. In this regard, an important role is played by providing the population with the high-quality environmentally friendly products. The creation of resistant varieties Will allow you to avoid or reduce the number of chemical sprayings, to reduce the fruit production costs, and the most importantly, to help in solving the problem of obtaining environmentally safe products. As a result of many years work on the creation of genotypes resistant to coccomycosis, the forms of 3-33-34 and Yuzhanka were selected to the elite, which, due to a number of economically valuable and adaptively significant traits, differ markedly from standard varieties. So, under the conditions of the Goryachy Klyuch district, where as a result of long-term monitoring, it is noted in the population the most virulent clones overcoming the resistance of the A gene, the full yield was obtained only from the elites of Yuzhanka and 3-33-34 on the rootstocks of the NCFSCHVW breeding to 16 t / ha. They are differed on the lowest indicators: the average number of coccomycosis pustules per 1 cm2 of leaf (0.08 1.1 to 5.25 1.3), resistance index (0-1357), generative activity of the fungis (0-2629). Timiryazevskaya cherry are also selected to the elite, with the late development of coccomycosis. Its distinctive features the original taste of the fruits, high yield, up to 100 kg per tree. These elite forms also showed the complex resistance to drought, high summer temperatures and a number of diseases, which proved their suitability for resource-saving technologies of gardening.
The main reason for aggravation of fruit wines commodity is the formation of a biopolymer complex with the participation of high-molecular compounds pectic substances, cellulose, hemicellulose, as well as proteins and phenolic substances. The highest concentration of polysaccharides sum, including the pectic substances, was found in the wine materials from apples of Renet Simirenko, and their smallest amount from Florina apples. With the higher content of catechins and anthocyanins, the wine materials were from the varieties of Jonathan and Idared. As a result of the research carried out it was found that the concentration and composition of the biopolymer complex in apple juices depend on varietal characteristics of apples. The highest content of complex compounds was found in the juice from the apple varieties of Idared, Renet Simirenko and Florina. The highest amount of polysaccharides is found in the juices from apples of the Korea, and the highest content of pectin substances is found in the juice from Renet Simirenko and Interpreis apples. It should be noted that the total concentration of biopolymers in the fresh and fermented apple juice had similar values, but their composition was significantly different. It was found that during the fermentation of juices from all studied apple varieties, the proportion of phenolic compounds and, especially, polysaccharides decreased in the complex of biopolymers, but at the same time, the share of protein increased due to its secretion from the yeast cell to the fermented cider material. The obtained experimental data indicate the complexity of the biopolymer complex composition of fruit (apple) wines and the need to take into account both the concentration of biopolymers and their composition in the technological measures development for the prevention and elimination of colloidal dimness in the finished products.
The article deals with the issues of improving the asset accounting system in agricultural organizations. It is proved that the distinguishing of biological assets from fixed ones has well-established prerequisites. There is substantiated the necessity of identifying the essence and the wording of the concept characterizing this asset category. This should be done for proper accounting and economic analysis in agricultural organizations of the Russian Federation. There are presented a review of the different scientists views on the "biological assets" concept definition, the existing criteria for biological assets classification. The authors definition of the biological assets is proposed, the classification criteria system is expanded. The criterion recommended by the authors is a sign of the biological nature of the organisms. This means such features of life, which determine the life cycle, the interaction with the environment, organisms nutrition and reproduction special features. In particular, authors proved that organisms different in purpose and results of their use, in their ability for self-production, in life support costs, cannot be attributed to one group of assets. Differences in reproduction and abundance cause the differences in productivity, use value and, consequently, the nature of the book value change. It becomes obvious that the assets of different groups cannot be considered comparable from the point of view of analytic information. It becomes obvious that the assets of different groups cannot be considered comparable in terms of analytic information. This confirms the need for their classification by the proposed criterion. The need to isolate biological assets as such into a large category becomes even more obvious. The economic use of this category of assets has features characteristic of living organisms. Even more obvious is the need to distinguish biological assets as such into a separate large category because the characteristic features of living organisms determine their economic use. Besides, correct classification taking into account the biological essence of various organisms will make agricultural organizations to improve its analytical capabilities when evaluating the efficiency of various types of biological assets reproduction.
The industrial sweet cherry assortment is the most extensive compared to other stone fruit crops cultivated in the Krasnodar Territory. The problems of new technological varieties creating with high adaptive potential and quality of fruits are becoming particularly relevant now. One of the main problems of breeding is the evaluation of the initial material and the selection of the best parental forms sources and donors of economically valuable traits for use in crossing. This is inextricably linked with the creation and release of a qualitatively new initial material based on the results of scientific research. Studies were conducted under the conditions of the Prikuban gardening zone (Krasnodar). Objects of study sweet cher-ry varieties of ecological and geographical origin, as well as new varieties and hybrids of NCFSCHVW breeding. Scientific studies are made on the basis of generally accepted methods. The article assesses the hybrid sweet cherry posterity according to the nature of the inheritance of economically valuable traits, and proves the possibility of breeding for a high level of individual traits, based on the possibility of combining them in a single organism. The selected forms of sweet cherry of various ripening periods, with high yield capacity, combining large and above-average fruit size with high quality, are selected. Their brief characteristics is given. The patterns of inheritance of valuable traits are revealed, the use of which will allow to increase in the effectiveness in creating the new varieties. To obtain the highly productive varieties of sweet cherry that are resistant to the main stressors, with fruits of high tasty and commodity qualities, it is recommended to involve in the breeding of new promising varieties of Alaya, Mak, Volshebnitsa, Krupnoplodnaya, Vasilisa, Talisman, Donetskiy Ugoliok, Anons, as well as the varieties steadily fruitful and well prov-en in the conditions of the Krasnodar Terri-tory Francis, Kavkazskaya, Franzuskaya Chiornaya and others.