Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Winter hardiness of fruit plants must be regarded as genetically determined property, the implementation of which depends on the physiological state of trees in the process of cultivation, and also from photosynthetic activity of leaves. The development of frost resistance and the loss of this property is significantly associated with changes of water state in the fruit plants tissues. For assessment of changes in water balance are increasingly using a differential thermal analysis (DTA) of ice formation processes in the organs and tissues of plants. The aim of our work is to analyse a number of cherry cultivars for winter hardiness using the DTA meth-od providing for the thermal analysis of ice formation in the tissues of studied plants. The objects of our study were one-year shoots and buds on the trees of 10 cherry cultivars in the orchards of 1997 planting. Definition of exothermic processes in the shoots of cherry trees with generative buds was carried out in the different periods of winter. The data obtained of the analysis of ice formation by thermographic method allowed to clearly identify the features of heat dissipation in the shoot's tissues of cherry cultivars with different frost resistance. It is noted, when the plants are going from dormancy, there are changes of water and physical parameters of the tissues, accompanied by a deepening of the front of ice formation in the most varieties at 1-6 °C. The carried out comprehensive analysis al-lowed us to divide the studied cherry varieties into groups for winter hardiness: highly resistant varieties are the Alpha and the Turgenevka, the varieties with intermediate resistance Radost, Favorit, Nochka, North Star, Podbelskaya, and varieties with low winter hardiness Rebetskaya Krasavitsa, Donetskiy Velican and Chudo-Vishnia.
The main grapes production in the Russian Federation are concentrated under an unstable weather conditions of moderate continental climate of the South of Russia. However, it is known when there is the deviation of habitat conditions from the optimal values, the grapes plants are in the stress, the processes of differentiation of embryonic inflorescences are broken, the productive zone of the shoots carrying the potential harvest of grapes is replaced. Under these conditions the special agronomic solutions to manage the stress resistance of vineyards are required. The purpose of this work is to establish the regularities of changes in the embryonic fruiting and to optimize the parameters of the pruning length of the grapes shoots. The object of the study is the most common grapes variety of Aligoté. The study were carried out in the different agrical-ecological zones of covered and not covered viticulture under the unstable weather conditions of moderate continental climate of the South of Russia. Embryonic grapes fruitage was determined in a period of deep (physiological) retire, using the microscopy method of central wintering buds on the shoots. Long-term observations show that the embryonic fruiting of Aligote grapes depends not only on the temperature conditions of cultivating place, it was also noted the variation of this ratio along the length of the shoot. In the process of our research the regularities of changes in the embryonic fruiting are found and the regulation of pruning length of Aligote grapes with the determination of the optimal length of shoots are optimized. According to the obtained results the coefficient of the embryonic fruitfulness of studied cultivars varies from 1.30 to 1.47 and has a close dependence on average daily temperature. Based on the results of the experiment we concluded that plantations of Aligote grapes will have the greatest economic productivity when the shoots pruning of plants is on 9 buds.
The most accurate criterion for determining of the length of the grapes shoots pruning is the productive zone of the embryonic inflorescences. To obtain a high yield when pruning, it is necessary to leave the area of shoot with the maximum number of embryonic flower clusters and to remove the less productive zone. Productive zone of the embryonic inflorescences varies according to the length of the shoot and depends on the biology of the species. Pruning, maintaining the productive zones of the shoots race, contributes to the solution of the actual problem for the providing of stable development of the viticulture industry. The aim of this work is to found the conformity to natural lows of embryonic inflorescences forming and to optimize the pruning length of shoots of Pervenets Magaracha grapes. Long study in the field (for 11 years) has carried out under the unstable weather conditions of moderate continental climate of the South of Russia in the central viticulture zone of Krasnodar Region. The object of research is the technical grapes of Pervenets Magaracha. Embryonic fruiting of plants was determined in a period of plants deep rest by microscopy of central wintering buds on the shoots of the grapes. The research re-vealed the conformity to natural lows of differentiated forming embryonic inflorescences along the shoots length of the studied grapes varieties. The fruiting coefficient (K1) of embryonic shoots in the central buds varied by years in the range of 0.8 to 1.78, the productivity coefficient (K2)varied from 1,37 to 1,52. On average for the 11 years of observation, these indicators are, respectively, 1.4 and 1.6. It is shown that the number of embryonic inflorescences and also the coefficients of fructification and fruitfulness increase when the bads are far from the base of the shoots. The highest values of the coefficients are in the area of 9-10 buds. To get the most fruitage of Pervenets Magaracha grapes it is recommended the long pruning of fruit shoots for 10 buds.
The soil factor, according to option of many leading native and foreign scientists, is of great importance for a grapes plant, and its influence is shown not only in harvest size, but substantially determines the quality of fresh grapes and products of its conversion, first of all wines. Analyzing the soil maps of the Krasnodar Region, it was noted that often the industrial orchards of vineyards of heterogeneous structure, and a small area can be several different soils, causing a various grapes growing conditions. In this connection, there was a need to study the impact of the specific soil conditions in the grapes plant, harvest and quality of wines. We have carried out a study of Merlot grapes in different soil types, located within the same area of vineyards, with the same agro-technical background and management system. It was found that an increasing in number of shoots and inflorescences, increases in the yield on brown forest soils and more intense growth processes of the Merlot grapes are formed. On black soil the grapes plant increase in plenty of bunches, the fruiting rates and fruitfulness, the sugar content and the acidity of berries is reduced. The research shows that ordinary black soil provides the higher quality of grapes and dry table wine material by increasing in the volume fraction of the ethanol and content of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins. The carried out research results are of scientific interest for predicting of grapes and wine quality under the different soil conditions.
In the All-Russian National Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking "Magarach" jointly with specialists of brunch the work on the specification of requirements for assortment and quality of grapes, and bulk wines and finished products was carried out, as well as study to improve the technology of Muscat sparkling wines in the Southern coast of Crimea was made. The article shows that a significant problem in the production of Muscat sparkling wines is the fact that the main raw material for their production the grapes of Muscat varieties (the Muscat White, the Muscat Pink, the Muscat Alexandria, etc.), are usually susceptible to the various diseases (in particular, susceptible to oidium). In this regard, the yield and quality of grapes can be significantly reduced, and as a result, there may be a shortage of raw materials for the production of Muscat wines. A solution to this problem is the use of new grape varieties with increased resistance to disease. Given the above, the aim of this work was to study the dynamics of accumulation and preservation of terpene alcohols in the sparkling wines from new grape varieties depending on variety, places of growth of plants and year of harvesting. Sparkling wines were prepared according to the current standard documentations, there were carried out determination of the main parameters of wines regulated by GOST 33336-2015. The content of terpenes in the sparkling wines from new varieties of the Institute "Magarach" breeding (Citron Magaracha, Aligote, Muscat, Riesling Muscat) was higher than that in the control samples from Muscat White. These varieties can be recommended for making sparkling wines with muscat aroma.