Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Under the environmental conditions of the Lower Don area of Russia, for grapes of interspecific origin of the Tsvetochny (Severny x a mixture of pollen varieties: Muscat Hungarian, Muscat Bely and Muscat Alexandria) the studies have been carried out on the effect of methods of vine pruning, as well as the application of various quotas of the vine load shoots the productivity and quality of the crop when non covering and hi-stem the culture of the vine. The paper presents data on the results of the transformation of four-year-old shapeless bushes into various ones, new for the conditions of this climatic zone, as well as the methods of management, formation and pruning of grape plants in industrial-type plantations. In the 80-90s of the 20th century, the grape variety of Tsvetochny was distributed in the vineyards of the Don, and the wines and juices from this variety were awarded by high awards at the world competitions. The optimal methods of maintaining for that conditions, formation and pruning of grape bushes, as well as the modes of operation of plantings and processing of the crop were established. Currently, the Tsvetochny grape variety has almost disappeared from the plantations of the Don vineyards. The task to increase the status of the variety in the structure of plantations and clarify some provisions of the agrotechnical order that contribute to stable and economically justified productivity is actual task. In the experimental part of the agrotechnical research on the Tsvetochny grape variety, it was planned to clarify the results of previous years' research and to lay down the experiments on modern methods of maintaining and formation of non covering industrial-type vineyards.
The work presents the study results of the effect of microbiological fertilizer EcoRic (Bacillus subtilis subsp. Subtilis, strain BR-1256 - 1-10x9CFU / cm3 ) on the wine grape variety of Bastardo Magarachskiy in the conditions of the South Coast of Crimea. The objectives of the research included determining the effect of the studied fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of grapes. Crop formation and ripening took place under the hot and dry summer conditions. It was found that double foliar treatment with microbiological EcoRic fertilizer in the application rate of 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 l / ha during the period of active growth of shoots (the inflorescence emerge (according to the BBCH-scale53)) and at the beginning of grape flowering (the inflorescences fully developed, flowers separating"(according to the BBCH-scale57) "first flower hoods are detached from the receptacle"(according to the BBCHscale 60) had a proper positive effect on increasing in the cropping capacity of grapes per 1 ha: with the rate of application of 2.0 l / ha by 0.93 t / ha (9.1 %); 3.0 l / ha by 1.62 t / ha (15.9 %); 4.0 l / ha by 2.43 t / ha (23.8 %). Double foliar application of the studied fertilizer also contributed to an increase in the average bunch weight by 10.0-24.3 %, an increase in the yield per one record bush by 0.42-1.01 kg (9.1-22.0 %), the leaf surface area of the bush (m2 ) by 16.3-37.2 %, the average shoot length by 16.8-22.3 %. The yield collected from variants with foliar application of microbiological EcoRic fertilizer, in terms of quality indicators, was higher than that collected from the control: in that number by mass concentration of sugars in a berry juice by 10.0-22.3 (4.7-10.5 %) g / dm3.
This work is aimed at solving the actual problem of increasing in the fruit plants productivity. The research presents the results of studies of top dressing efficiency by Lignohumate fertilizer for fruit crops under the conditions of the Crimea Republic, the impact the yield and the quality of the fruit products is assessed. The analysis of the influence of seasonal conditions and the usage of fertilizers the main indicators of the studied fruit crops was done. The experimental research was carried out during 2018-2020 on apple-tree of Spartan variety (JSC Artvin, Bakhchisarai district), on peach-tree of Red Haven and sweet cherry of igarrean Burlat (Agropolis farm, Kirovsky District). It is established that the use of Lignohumate foliar fertilizing increased in average length of annual shoots in the studied crops from 14.7 % (peach) to 16.5 % (apple). Mathematical analysis of the results showed that the share of seasonal influence the annual shoots growth rate varies in the interval 8,7 % (sweet cherry) 55,0 % (peach), at < 0,05. Top dressing of plants increased in chlorophyll concentration in apple and peach leaves by 14,0 and 13,2 %, respectively; mass concentration of sugar in apples by 6,1 %, and in peach by 7,5 %; in sweet cherry by 16,1 %; solid substance content in the fruits by 0,9 % (peach) 1,7 % (apple). Also it is shown that the use of Lignohumate top dressing of plants increased in the content of mineral elements in the studied crops, relative to a control group, and the yield on average 16,3-20,6 %.
The presence of organic acids and cations in the grapes and its processing products affects their taste and nutritional properties. Pools of these substances in the berry skin and seeds of the grape varieties of Gimra Novaya, Kaberne Sovin'on, Muskat Bely, Pervenets Magaracha and in the dry wine materials from the Gimra Novaya, Fioletta and Pervenets Magaracha varieties were studied. To determine the composition and content of organic acids (-04-47-2007) and cations (M-01-32-2008), a capillary electrophoresis system was used Kapel-104T, LLC NPF LUMEX. Tartaric, acetic and malic acids are identified in the elements of the berry structure. Their largest content (0.24 g/dm3 ) is revealed in the Muskat Bely grapes. In each of the wine materials the tartaric, citric, lactic, acetic, malic and succinic acids are found. The most significant amounts, respectively, of malic, succinic and acetic acids 2.39; 1.72 and 0.85 g/dm3 were determined in the wine material from the Gimra Novaya grape variety, and the lactic acid 0.27 g/dm3 from the Fioletta variety, wine and citric acids 6.20 and 0.69 g/dm3 were determined in the wine material from the Gimra Novaya variety and Pervenets Magaracha, in which the total concentration of acids 10.03 g/dm3 was the highest. In the skin of the berry, seeds and wine materials the cations of ammonium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium are identified. In terms of their total number, the Muscat white variety 174.07 mg/dm3 and wine material from Gimra Novaya grape 1933.57 mg/dm3 were the leaders. The terroir of the South of the Daghestan Caspian Sea plain is favorable for the formation of pools of organic acids and cations in the grapes, which contributes to the production of wine materials with high enological potential.
This article presents the results of studying the physicochemical indicators of the cognac distillates quality with typical organoleptic properties, the composition of volatile components determined by gas chromatography and phenolic, furan compounds (aromatic aldehydes and acids) controlled by the method of highly efficient capillary electrophoresis. The ranges of criterion components and calculated indicators, characterized genuine high-quality cognac distillates, have been clarified. It was noted that in 10 % of aged cognac distillates, the mass concentrations of higher alcohols in terms of isoamyl alcohol and the mass concentrations of medium esters in terms of ethyl acetate exceeded the norms established by the interstate standard of technical conditions were exceeded and have had a maximum value of 800 mg / dm3 bsp. and 350 mg / dm3 bsp. accordingly, also the mass concentration of the total extract in all genuine cognac distillates did not exceed 6.5 g / dm3 . The ranges of calculated parameters for aged cognac distillates were found, such as the ratio of the mass concentrations of isoamyl alcohol / isobutyl alcohol from 2 to 6.5; mass concentration ratio lilac aldehyde / vanillin, not less than 1.5; mass concentration ratio lilac aldehyde / lilac acid, no more than 3.5; the ratio of mass concentrations of vanillin / vanillic acid, no more than 4.5; the ratio of mass concentrations of tannins / total extract, no more than 0.5. The obtained and refined databases of the qualitative and quantitative composition of volatile components and aromatic aldehydes and acids will make it possible to control the quality, confirm the authenticity and identify the signs of cognac distillates falsification, in particular, to establish the substitution of raw materials and the use of grape distillates (alcohols), violation of the distillation regimes and the aging process of cognac distillates in case of contact with oak wood.