Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The leading company for the processing of clay minerals (bentonites) in Russia is BIOROST LLC, whose products vinoobent and bentovin are in demand in the market for alcoholic products. The development is carried out of bentonite BentoVinum Gold, Republic of Kazakhstan. Earlier studies have shown the expendiency of bentonites using BentoVinum Gold, bentovin, vinobet and activite (control) clarification the white and red table wine materials. The purpose of this work is to establish the optimal technological dosages of bentonites for processing wines of various types and to assess the stability (resistance to bottle) of the processed wines. Untreated white (Sauvignon blanc) and red (Cabernet-Sauvignon) table wine materials were used as objects of research. The treatment was carried out with 10% wine-water suspensions of bentonites or join with a 1% solution of gelatin. The dosage of bentonites ranged from 1 to 5 g / dm3, gelatin from 5 to 200 mg / dm3. It has been established that the use of BentoVinum Gold bentonite provided the crystal clearness of wine materials with the smallest technological dosages and minimum volumes of thick sediments. Bentovin showed a high lightening ability, especially with a mineral particle size of less than 0.05 mm. When join-processing wine materials with bentonite and gelatin, a decrease in dosages of both sorbents was observed. The optimum dosages of the studied bentonites were established when processing white and red table wine materials. The obtained results testify to the high stabilizing ability of complex processing of table wine materials with BentoVinum Gold bentonite: wine materials have been resistant to bottle for a long time, the samples of red wine materials were more resistant to colloid turbidity. When using bentovin and vinobent, the stability of the wine was maintained for 6-8 months. The studied bentonites are recommended for use in Russian wine-making in order to replace imported analogues.
The issues of global geographical identification of wine products are considered. It has been found that for most modern studies, the use of chemometric processing of data obtained by promising methods for controlling macro- and microelements in wines is characteristic: atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma and atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma. Analysis of macro - and microelements of wines from different countries of the world showed that a large variety of elemental composition of wine products and significant variability caused by technological treatments require the use of modern mathematical processing methods to establish the relationship of the composition of wines with a certain terroir. It is shown that on the basis of analysis of studies of the distribution and relationship of the content of micro and macro elements in wines and soils on which the corresponding grape varieties were grown, can be used to establish the geographical identification of wines. Studies aimed at assessing the relationship of the geographical location of the plots and cultivated grape varieties were carried out according to the correlations between the content of a number of macro- and microelements in wine and soils and the main parameters (grape variety, crop year). The results of the assessment of the relationship between individual samples of wines and soils using correlation, cluster analysis, the random forest algorithm and multi-label classification allowed us to evaluate the relationship of the geographical location of the plots and cultivated grape varieties with the content of elements and their pairwise ratios in the wines. Rb, Al, and Na were selected as markers for variety identification for the first year of research. Positive results for Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling and Pinot Noir are obtained. Applying of selective indexes based on cross-validation allowed to reduce a set of significant indicators to 4: Ca, Ca / Sr, Sr and Ca / Al.
At the present, the functional genomics (as a basis of economic valuable signs studying the regulation of genes expression) has been actively developed in plant breeding research. In recent years, it has been shown, that various RNAs, including microRNAs, play an important role in genes regulation by activating or inhibiting the expression of plant growth and development genes, genes to environmental response. Then, quite recently, it was shown that there are a new class of RNA molecules circular RNA, with size from 100 up to 4000 nucleotids, which are formed from microRNA as a result of back-splicing. They have regulatory functions and interact with macroRNA, as well as with matixRNA, affecting the level of genes expression of growth, development, and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this mini-review, an analysis of recent data on the role of circular RNA in the plants is presented. It is also shown specificity their of formation depending on the type of plant tissue of intron, exon, exon-intron origin, the interaction between circular RNA, microRNA, and matrix RNA with indirect influence the genes work, as well as their role in regulating the response to abiotic and biotic stresses. The article has been presented data for searching of plant circular RNA, a bioinformative prediction method, a specific circular RNA for rice, arabidopsis, tea, tomato, cucumber, grapes, soy, peanuts, poncirus, as well as data of their regulatory role in response to stress factors of environment.
The wealth of genetic tools makes it possible to analyze phylogeny and genetic polymorphism in the studied taxa. The genetic components include retrotransposons. The study of retrotransposons is relevant for the creation of genetic markers. At the moment, DNA markers, whose polymorphism is due to retrotransposon inserts, have gained distribution in genetic work. The aim of this work is to search and detect effective IRAP and ISSR markers for the genotyping of apple rootstocks. Based on the quality of the obtained DNA fingerprint, the selection of the most informative markers was carried out for each of the markers involved in the work. The primers of the selected IRAP and ISSR markers will be used in the future for genotyping of stocks. As a result of the work performed on the genotypes of apple tree stocks, 5 IRAP markers 4 gave DNA fragments during PCR. At the same time, 2 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers includes IRAPs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. As a result of the work performed on the genotypes of apple tree stocks, 5 IRAP markers 4 gave DNA fragments during PCR. At the same time, 2 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers includes IRAPs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. This group includes: Cass 1 and ass 2. In case of testing of 8 ISSR, 3 markers were selected for further work. Further work will be aimed at assessing the genetic polymorphism of the selected markers with the subsequent expansion of the volume of the analyzed sample of samples.
The most important multilocus marker systems include ISSR markers based on polymorphism of genome fields located between microsatellite areas. Their effectiveness in genetic work has been demonstrated in the extensive list of studies in which they were involved. ISSR markers are easy to use, low-cost and methodologically less demanding than many other marker systems, and it makes them good genetic markers for the initial stages of organisms research for which the genetic information is missing. The aim of this work is to search for and detect the effective ISSR markers for genotyping of representatives the P. serrulata species. The results of testing ISSR markers on the genotypes of the P. serrulata species are shown. Based on the quality of the DNA fingerprint obtained, the most informative ISSRs were selected for each of the markers involved in the work. Primers of ISSR markers selected will be used for genotyping. As a result of the work performed in the process of PCR f rom 35 ISSR markers, 26 gave DNA fragments on sakura genotypes. At the same time, 8 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers ncludes ISSRs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. This group includes: UBC 811, UBC 813, UBC 818, UBC 825, UBC 843, UBC 864, 3A59, ASSR02. Further work will be aimed at assessing the genetic polymorphism of the selected markers with subsequent expansion of the volume of the analyzed samples.