Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Locating of vineyards is based on the principle of adapting the commercial grape assortment to agroclimatic and soil resources of a particular cultivation region, taking into account special cultivation technologies, satisfying the selected direction of using the grown crops. The work presents the results of analysis of spatial distribution of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, as one of the most important agroclimatic indices characterizing the ripening period of grapes. The SRTM-3 digital terrain model of the Crimean Peninsula and long-term data of meteorological observations in 17 meteorological stations of Crimea and Sevastopol for the period of 1985-2019 were used as materials. To identify the patterns of spatial distribution of the analyzed index, a network of 15 control points, coinciding with the location of meteorological stations, armed with long series of observations, was created. Using GIS technologies, for each control point we calculated the values of agroecological factors that can affect spatial variation of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC: absolute height above sea level, exposure and slope steepness, latitude, distance to the sea or other large water reservoir. Furthermore, for the analyzed index, several mathematical models were selected. They were compared with each other in terms of the error between the calculated and actual data in the control points. The coefficients were adjusted for every model to minimize errors. Based on the results of comparison, the most accurate model was selected to be used in generating a digital map of spatial distribution of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC. Digital large-scale map of spatial distribution of the indicator on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula was compiled and 6 zones were identified basing on the obtained results. The resulting findings are intended to optimize the locating of commercial vineyards and increase the efficiency of production on the back of sustainable use of natural resources.
In the conditions of the climate change in southern Russia, unpredictable fluctuations in meteorological factors negatively affect the adaptive capacity of the apple tree to the summer stresses. The parameters of the water regime, the pigmental complex, and the area of the leaf blade serve as reliable criteria for the drought resistance of plants. The aim of this work is to study the features of water metabolism, photosynthetic activity of apple trees in the summer period; to identify the most drought-resistant varieties for cultivation in the Krasnodar region. The objects of research were apple varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Interprase, Florina, Orfey, Idared, Ligol, Prikubanskoe. Physiological and biochemical adaptation of apple varieties to deficit water supply and high temperatures is achieved by increasing the fraction of bound water in the total water content, increasing the proportion of carotenoids in the pigmental composition of the leaf. It was found that by the end of summer, all studied varieties had a decrease in water content in leaf tissues, and to a greater extent in varieties Idared, Ligol, Prikubanskoe by 12.2-14.2%. The varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoe were distinguished as the most drought-resistant with the ratio of bound and free forms of water 3.0 and 2.8, respectively. The lowest indicators of the ratio of the chlorophylls sum and carotenoids (2.01-2.03) due to an increase in the proportion of carotenoids performing a protective function were found in the varieties Florina, Orfey, Prikubanskoe. The decrease in the area of the leaf blade in response to stress is the least shown in the varieties Orfey, Idared, Prikubanskoe. Apple varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoe proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the summer of 2020 and are recommended for cultivation in the Krasnodar region.
Experimental data of field studies carried out in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory about the different agrobiological reaction of the Libya variety to the rootstocks of Berlandieri × Riparia SO4 and Shasla × Berlandieri 41B are presented. Scheme of bush planting on the plot studied of 3.8 × 2 m, the formation of bushes a high-standard two-armed cordon. The soils are low-humus, powerful leached chernozems. The average annual air temperature is 12.5-13.0 ºC, the sum of active air temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, the minimum in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation is 700-800 mm. Under these agro-ecological conditions, the Libya grapes on the 41B rootstock significantly surpass the SO4 grapes in terms of the combination of positive characteristics. Biometric economically valuable traits of the Libya grape variety on the 41B rootstock were significantly better than that on the SO4 rootstock. On the rootstock 41B, the berry acquires an oval shape, and they are larger, the bunch is cylindro-conical, the color is yellow-orange with a faint scarlet tint on the sunny side. The beginning of ripening and harvesting of grapes on this rootstock begins earlier by 17-13 days, mass ripening by 20-7 days. In the vineyards grafted on the 41B rootstock, the grape yield was 1.9 times higher than on the SO4 rootstock and amounted to 26.65 t / ha. The share of the marketable part of grapes on the 41B rootstock was 94 % and on the SO4 rootstock 84 %. The tasting score of berries grown on the 41B rootstock was on average 8.6 points, as well as on SO4 8.1 points. The differences are related to the different accumulation of sugar in the berries.
The work are presented the results of embryonic fruitfulness assessment in new table grape grafted hybrid forms of domestic breeding. The level of embryonic fruitfulness of different grape hybrid forms is varied, despite the identical conditions of growing environment. Taking into account the significant impact of the biological characteristics and environmental conditions of growing grapes on initiation of embryonic flowers and productivity of plantations following aim was set to determine the common factors of embryonic flowers formation and to optimize the cut length of domestic breeding table hybrids of Akello, Kishmish Dubovskiy, Agat Dubovskiy, Dubovskiy Rozoviy, Pestriy grape shoots. The study of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out in the vineyards growing under agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar Region Central Zone. Selection of the studied shoots and assessment of the embryonic fruitfulness of hibernating buds were conducted during the period of deep physiological rest of plants by microscopy (Micromed MS1) in the laboratory of NCFSCHVW. The regularity of different laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences in the studied grape hybrid forms, as well as differentiated coefficients of fruitfulness and fruiting along the length of shoots and different adaptive potential of varieties under the conditions of increased solar insolation are established. The highest rates of fruiting and fruitfulness in the conditions of temperature stress have been in the hybrids of Agat Dubovskiy and Pestriy. The placement of productive zones along the length of the shoot was uneven. In case of uneven placement of productive zones, shoot pruning of the studied grape hybrid forms is recommended to be carried out differentially. For the grape form of Akello the length of the shoots pruning should be on 6 eyes, for Kishmish Dubovskiy 9 eyes, for the hybrid forms of Pestriy, Agat Dubovskiy and Dubovskiy Rozoviy 8 eyes.
The article provides experimental data confirming the patterns of changing the productivity of table grape variety Podarok Nesvetaya due to changes in load of shoots and clusters on bushes. Field studies are made in the Central agroecological zone of the viticulture of the Krasnodar Region, Grapevines were planted 3.5 × 3.5 m and training system high-trunk bilateral cordon, the rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature is 12.5 13.0 ºC, the sum of the active temperatures is 3900 4100 °C, the maximum temperature during vegetation - +40 ºC, the minimum in winter is lowered to -30 ºC. The annual amount of precipitation is 700-800 mm. Thin-humous soils, leached deep chernozem. In such agroecological conditions, the variety showed a high responsiveness to various load of shoots and clusters on bushes. The correlation dependence of the total weight of the clusters from one bush and yield from the number of clusters is high. The correlation coefficient is 0.75. With the load of shoots 50 pcs/bush and the load of clusters 63 pcs/bush the average weight of the grape clusters reaches the greatest value and amounts 0.406 kg. The greatest yield of commercial grapes 19.7 t/ha is formed with the load of shoots and clusters on bushes in the amount of 40 and 67 pcs/bush, respectively. With such regulations of the load on the bushes, the cluster of grape retains an attractive commodity appearance and its weight amounts 0.394 kg. Optimized bushes load regulations of shoots and clusters in the amount of 40 and 67 pcs/bush is recommended to use in the central agroececological zone of the viticulture of the Krasnodar Region for growing high yields of the commodity table variety Podarok Nesvetaya on the rootstock Berlandieri × Riparia SO4.