Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Regular phytosanitary monitoring of perennial plantations in the Western Ciscaucasian region reveals the significant functional and structural changes in the entomoxilophilic complexes under the influence of changing environmental conditions. It is established that the main regularities of these transformations are the widening of the species diversity of harmful xylobionts, the growth of the number of populations of individual species and, as a consequence, the increase in their harmfulness. Study of the species composition of xylobionts were carried out in agroecological stationary experiments and route observations of perennial fruit plantations in the areas of their industrial cultivation. For taking of biomaterial in a field study the well known methods were used. The main most informative method was examination of weak and drying trees, taking of biological samples of damaged wood parts of trees and their further laboratory research. The main reasons causing the changes in the formation of entomoxylophilic complexes of fruit agrocenoses in the Krasnodar Territory are discussed in the article. It is established that the main regularities of these transformations are the expansion of the species diversity of xylophagous vermins, the growth of the number of populations of individual species and, as a consequence, the increase in their harmfulness. As a result of study, the species composition, bioecological features and dynamics of the distribution of major xylophages have been refined. The regular monitoring, one time in decade, of the phytosanitary state of fruit crops in the region made possible note the following: a change in the species composition of the entomocenosis, an increase in the harmfulness of xylophilous vermins as a result of trees weakness of due to weather and climate factors (low winter air temperatures, recurrent frosts, "ice" rains, long drought, etc.) and anthropogenic stressors (uncontrolled application of chemical protection preparations). The analysis of the obtained allowed us to divide the entomoxylophilic complex of stone fruit agrocenoses on the groups, that damaging the perennial wood and the group that damaging the vegetative part of the plants.
The aim of the research is to study the quality of fresh berries of table grapes for keeping their quality, depending on varietal characteristics and post-harvest treatments with SmartFresh. The article presents the results of storage of table grapes of Moldova, Podarok Zaporozh'yu, Nizina, grown in the Krasnodar Region. The grapes were treated after harvesting with a SmartFresh preparation in a closed chamber for 24 hours and stored under normal atmosphere conditions at a temperature of + 1-2 ºC and a relative humidity of 90-95 %. It is established that carrying out post-harvest treatments with SmartFresh makes it possible to better preserve the commercial qualities of grapes. It is shown that the Moldova and Nizina varieties have a high biological leaveness. In post-harvest grapes treatments with SmartFresh, the ripening of grapes went slower, and the dry matter content in berries was 18-28 % less than in the control bunches. The use of the SmartFresh inhibited the synthesis of ethylene: during storage a slight increase in ethylene in the processed variants was observed in 1,3-2,2 times, in a control much more in 5,5-11,6 times. The level of intensity of ethylene extrac-tion after three months of storage in the processed bunches of grapes is 2,5 times lower (variety of Nizina), 4,7 times (Podarok Zaporozh'yu) and 6,3 times (Moldova), than in a control. From the materials presented in the article, the conclusion follows that the use of post-harvest treatments of grapes with the SmartFresh preparation ensures a long-term preservation of its commercial qualities and the high biological value when stored under normal conditions.
Now the aboriginal grape varieties become more and more popular in the world. In the Russia and abroad there is growing the interest in Krasnostops the high-quality autochthonous red grapes varieties of technical use. Anapa Zonal Experimental Station for Viticulture and Wine-making has been engaged in the study, breeding and introduction of quality technical grapes varieties in the production for many years, as well as the creation of competitive local wines characterized by high consumer properties as Krasnostop Anapskiy and Krasnostop Azos. The article presents the materials of long-term research of agrobiological, technological and economic indicators of the technical grapes varieties of Anapa Experimental Station breeding Krasnostop Anapskiy and Krasnostop Azos. The research is aimed at revealing possibilities to increase in adaptive and productive potential of the studied varieties for their introduction in production in order to intensify the domestic viticulture and wine-making. The results of carried out analysis show that the amount of anthocyanins and sum of phenolic substances in the Krasnostops wine materials from Anapa exceeds the data for these components in the control variants. In the years of research, the Krasnostop Azos and Krasnostop Anapskiy had good indicators of wine material organoleptic properties 8.78 and 8.73 points. They have a large capacity of coloring, extractive and phenolic substances and the wine brands developed on their basis will replenish a number of high-quality table and liqueur red wines on the Russian market. These grapes varieties have high potential and great prospects of using them in wine-making, and it allows us to recommend these varieties for large introduction into production in the Southern wine-growing regions of Russia
The state of production of organic products in the world, in the country and in the Krasnodar region is analyzed in the article. The producers of environmental clear products must observe the severe requirements, the land for their cultivation was cleaned for three years, the use of genetic modified materials, chemical additives, growth stimulators, hormones, antibiotics is excluded. Ecologically is a product with a content of at least 99 % organic substances. In recent years the movement towards the production of ecological pure products is noted, using the technology of organic, natural farming. The purpose of our research is to analyze the world and domestic experience in growing ecological pure products and to give the recommendations for reducing of man-caused impact on agricultural facilities in the Krasnodar Territory. It is noted that the bioorganic products in Russia are still produced in small volumes, but now there is a tendency to increase in their production to 20 % per year. The authors plan to develop and widely test the vegetable dyes from the secondary resources of grapes and onions processing for the production of food bioproducts. The suggestion for food enriching with ecological pure food supplements have been carried out. It is shown that the successful development of green technologies depends on the efficiency of the use of natural resources and possibility of using of closed cycles of raw material processing with use the principles of organic farming. There is a need to develop the Federal Law "The principals of production of ecological clean agricultural products on green technologies", with the regulation of the system of state standards and compliance with the technological cycle for the production, transportation, processing and storage of agricultural raw materials.
The purpose of this work was to study the influence of separate and joint foliar fertilization with potassium and calcium on the accumulation of these elements in the apple fruit of the Sinap Orlovsky and Imrus varieties, as well as to study the influence of ratio of these elements on the fruits storage ability. The optimal ratio of these elements in the apple fruits is great important, since this indicator affects the yield quality, including the duration of fruits storage. The research were carried out in 2014-2015 in the field experiment on the study of the efficiency of foliar top dressings. It has been shown by the study that the effect of joint treatments of studied apple varieties by potassium and calcium-containing fertilizers differs from the effect of separate fertilization. The studied varieties manifest the different reactions, both to individual compounds and to their mixtures. There were significant differences for years, depending on the prevailing meteorological conditions, as well as difference of varieties. It was found that in the studied apple varieties the calcium content in the fruits is a more stable index, in comparison with the content of potassium, which significantly changed depending on meteorological conditions and the load of trees by harvest. Foliar top dressing with potassium sulfate and calcium chloride, having a significant effect on the level of potassium and calcium in the tissues of apple fruits, can increase in the risk of bitter pit developing. For the Sinap Orlovsky apple variety a significant increase in the K/Ca ratio was observed when 0.3% potassium sulfate solution treatment, for the Imrus apple variety when the plants are sprayed with 1% solution of calcium chloride.