Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The main objective of the conducted research the identification of the impact of fruit plantations construction on apple photosynthetic activity and productivity by using the physiological and biochemical, anatomical and morphological indices of foliages. With increasing of trees density in the garden the photosynthesis productivity decreases and the process of flower buds formation restrains. The features of the photosynthetic activity of Zarnitsa, Dean Art, Idared, Simirenkovets apple varieties on the SC3 stocks with various planting construction of intensive type is studied. The researches were conducted on the basis of fruit plantations of Institutes experimental farm with using of standard methods of research. Based on the study of the complex of physiological and biochemical parameters of plants and anatomical and morphological traits of the leaf the optimum construction of plantings of intensive type for studied apple-tree varieties are established. The construction of fruit plantations with planting scheme 4 x 1.2 with spindle forming of crown has a higher efficiency of the photosynthetic activity and productivity. Selecting of the optimal system forming in the orchard with dense placement of apple trees allows to increase the fruits yield of Simirenkovets variety on 46.8% and Dean Art variety on 67.3%.
The maintenance of colloid substances, pepetide, polysugar, fibers and other characteristic substances of biological objects usually complicates the analytical definition micro- and macroelements, phosphorus, nitrogen. It is established that there are obvious problems during of curse of long preparation of biological tests for the analysis at the expense of summation of errors at a stage of samples preparation. The operating methods for samples preparation of biological raw materials for analytical research are discussed. The new methodical decisions for preparation of plant samples for determination of alkaline kations, earth alkaline metals and some heavy metals are offered. The possibilities and the conditions of application of various modes of microwave processing for extraction of mobile and general forms of kations and anions are considered. The various conditions of carrying out of oxidizing preparation of staples of vegetative raw materials for the subsequent definition of the general phosphorus and nitrogen are approved. The ways of biological samples preparation for definition of volatile components by a method of a gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are shown. The optimal conditions for samples preparation for definition of components with high temperatures of boiling are revealed. The main attention is paid to increase of accuracy and objectivity of measurements at the expense of improvement of methods of preparation of sample of a biological origin and observance of conditions of ecological safety at carrying out of analytical works.
The results of researches of influence of orchards microclimate conditions on productivity of an apple-tree varieties of various ecological and geographical origin are given. The dynamics of daily lighting in the period of active growth and development of an apple-trees on CK3 rootstock in the intensive plantings during 2011-2013 years are researched. The features of microclimatic changes in the plantings with various density of landing during the summer period of vegetation, without rainfall and at low air humidity, increased daytime temperatures and high intensity of air movement are studied. It is defined that in the denser plantings the microclimate is more stable. At the plants placement over 4000 pieces/hectare the increase of critical temperatures is slow down, the period of their impact on a plant is shorten, the accelerated falling of absolute temperatures at the second half of light day is observed.
It is shown that the system of machines, applied now, on many positions doesnt coincide with a demanded complex of machines for the long-term fruit plantings and vinegrapes, especially with a perspective system of machines. The many factors influence on the state, level and prospect of mechanization development of fruit growing and wine growing: land relief, size of plantings, schemes of plants landings. The characteristics of modern and perspective machines for cultivation and harvesting of long-term plantings (fruits and grapes) are submitted on the results of studying of technological prosess of machine working. The defects of operating system of machines the lack of the domestic machines for landing and cutting, beveling, defoliation, etc. of perennial plants, are noted. Existing power means dont meet the modern requirements of perspective production technologies of fruits and grapes, and the requirements for energy saving and ecology. There is a conclusion that it is necessary to develop the domestic machines for mechanization of the most labor-intensive processes of landing, cutting, defoliation of plants, and beveling of herbs in the row-spacings. So it is necessary to introduce more in the production the limit applied diskators of type BDM-25x2 and reconstructed OP-2000 sprayers, with prospect of their replacement of more perfect types, for example "NARDI" (Denmark). The addresses of producers and dealers of mechanization means are given in the article.
Now in the international practice for research of internal structures of plant organisms the various methods of introscopic researches are used. The micro focal X-ray analysis is the most objective, exact and fast method of registration of the latent defects. During carrying out the researches the techniques of determination of quality of accretion of the grafted grapes seedling, damage rates of material by a vascular necrosis and the methods of evaluation of grapes seed quality were developed and approved. Experimental studies showed that receiving of sharp and contrast pictures is provided by the following operating modes of the equipment: voltage is 30 kV, current of a tube is 150 , an exposition is 0,3 sec. The specified parameters of shooting allowed to judge with the most accuracy the size, form and density of details of making object. The developed by us the radiographic method of an assessment of grapes buds safety allows, without destroying of research object, to visualize all its internal form-building structures, and, therefore, and their dense, volume and linear anomalies, and this method allows to diagnose the existence or lack of buds injury.