Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Batonage is a technological method, which is a prolonged contact of wine materials with yeast sediment, with occasional stirring. Batonage`s use in the technology of white table wines leads to an improvement in their taste and aroma due to the enrichment of wine with yeast cell components. The specificity of red table wines is the presence of high concentrations of phenolic substantiate that affect the metabolism process between the cell and the wine material. Modes of batonage in the production of red wines should take into account the presence of various forms of polyphenols. In this regard, the purpose of the work was to justify the parameters and modes of batonage in the technology of red wines. As a result of the research, the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and lipids from the yeast cell to the wine material was established. The activity of proteinases and glucanases in yeast biomass decreased as they matured, reaching the lowest values after 1.5 month. During the batonage, the concentration of both the sum of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins also decreased. At the same time, double batonage contributed to a greater decrease in the concentration of phenolic compounds. The results obtained indicate a slow dynamics of the transition of lipids from yeast cell to the medium during the batonage process. Of the individual components of the fatty acid series, the concentration of diglycerides and triglycerides, as well as sterol esters, increased most noticeably in percent. Lowering the temperature of contact of the wine material with yeast biomass led to a slowdown in the processes of mass transfer between the cell and the medium. Based on the results of the research, the recommendations were given to the producters according to the batonage regime.
New knowledge was obtained about the conformity to natural lows of changes in physicochemical and organoleptic indicators of wine production in the presence of a preservation of microbial origin of nisin (food supplement E234), which will become the basis for the technological foundation of additional processing of sorbents for wine materials aimed to increasing in their consumer safety and quality. It was established in the process of research that in the experimental samples of wine with the addition of nisin all analyzed parameters ( volume fraction of ethyl alcohol, mass concentration of sugars, mass concentration of titrated acids in terms of tartaric acid, mass concentration of volatile acids in terms of acetic acid, mass concentration of the above extract, mass concentration of citric acid, mass concentration of total sulfur dioxide, organic acids, phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins for red wines) the physical-chemical composition of the test samples of wines remained unchanged, and remained at the same level as in the control samples. Study carried out of white and red wines with the addition of nisin showed that during the aging the typical oxidation-reduction processes are occurred typical to the wine aging process. The most significant was the change in the mass concentration of organic acids, which mainly affects the taste and, consequently, the quality of the wine. As a result of the analysis of experimental data, it was established that the control and testing samples had the same organoleptic characteristics and tasting score. Dry white table wine has a straw color, pure wine aroma with flower shades, corresponding to wine type; full harmonious fresh taste, without extraneous shades.
A retrospective analysis of the culture of roses in the industrial horticulture of the world, a review of the rose assortment of various garden groups and special agrotechnical methods of plants cultivation in an open ground and in greenhouses is carried out. The relevance of the variety study of this plants group and the prospects for its use in the phytodesign are substantiated. The objects are low growing varieties from spray rose groups, miniature roses, and interior design projects with their participation. At the first stage of the work, a study of the assortment in collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW was carried out and selected the varieties of roses from these groups for landscaping the designed interiors. In the working process, the most demanded options in a modern style were selected. The main ideas of the projects were the creation of a constructive connection of plant composition with the modern interior and the architectural and planning purpose of the room, corresponding with biological features of plants. Designed interiors within the boundaries of a single room included the rose compositions of the Regensberg and Clementine varieties, and color potpourri from plants of different varieties: Malchik-s-Palchik, Bridal Meillandina, Thumbelina. Depending on the level of natural illumination, the plants were placed in a sub window space or central zone. To the care of plants (watering, fertilizer, spraying, pruning, etc.) the design solutions assumed free access zones. The use of roses in gardening contributed to a significant increase in the artistic expression of the environment. The main organizational ideas of the developed projects were the creation of a constructive connection of the plant composition with the participation of roses to the stylistics of the modern interior, adherence to the principles of rationalism, functionality and aesthetics. This approach provided the artistic Expressiveness and uniqueness of design projects and allowed to create a special emotionally active interior, ensuring the cultural integrity of the object, which united the plants with the objective world.
The article assesses the apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding in the Northern Ossetia-Alania using the one of the most important signs of fruit quality large fruiting. The studies were carried out according to the programs and methods generally accepted and developed by the staff of the center for selection of FSBSI NCFSCHVW. The objects of research are apple genotypes of different ploidy and genetic origin. In total, there were 25 apple varieties in the study, of which 13 are domestic and 12 are foreign breeding. According to the results of long-term studies, the most large-fruited varieties and elite forms of apple-tree were selected in the Southern region of Russia: the summer variety of Soyus, autumn Vasilisa, Carmen, Lyubava, Talisman, early winter Ligol, winter and late winter Lyubimoe Dutovoy, Zolotaya Krona, 12/2-20-35, Prikubanskoe. Among the varieties selected by valuable sign of large-fruited, there are all apple varieties of regional breeding, excepting the Ligol variety. The most large-fruited among summer varieties Soyus variety (330 g); among all the studied varieties Talisman, the average and maximum fruit weight of which is 523.6 g and 534.0 g, respectively. The most of the cultivated varieties and elite forms of apple-tree selected for large-fruited sign were obtained as a result of the joint breeding of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW and the FSBSI All-RRIHB and they are immune to scab: Soyuz, Vasilisa, Carmen, Lyubava, Talisman and 12/2-20-35. The study of apple varieties and elite forms of different genetic origin and ploidy and different ripening terms in the conditions of Northern Ossetia-Alania allowed us to identify the most valuable of them for use in breeding and produc-tion.
To improve the environmental sustainability of horticulture in the Southern Urals, it is necessary to cultivate the adaptive varieties of fruit and berry crops. When assessing the adaptive potential of apricot varieties, linear regression (bi) was calculated, which characterizes ecological plasticity, the standard deviation from the regression line (Si2), which determines the stability of the variety in the environment, and the coefficient of variety adaptability. The analysis of the obtained results allowed us to identify adaptive varieties of Manchurian apricot in the Southern Urals Snezhinskiy, Kichiginskiy, Prizor, Uralets, Pikantnyj and Medovyj. The plastic varieties whose productivity varies in accordance with the changing environmental conditions include the apricot varieties: Pikantnyy (67.3 c/ha; bi 1.27; Si2 8.5), Uralets (66.3 c/ha; 1.28; 35.9), Chelyabinskiy ranniy (59.2 c/ha; 1.14; 19.2) and Barkhatnyy (46.6 c/ha; 0.85; 23.8). The varieties of the intensive type, characterized by high responsiveness to the improvement of growing conditions (bi is significantly more than 1), include the varieties Snezhinskiy (77.5 c/ha; 1.69; 177.8) and Kichiginskiy (77.5 c/ha; 1.34; 327.3). The Zolotaya Kostochka (38.2 c/ha; 0.73; 32.9); it reacts poorly to changes in environmental conditions. The introduced varieties of apricot Khabarovskiy and Michurinskiy N 22 in the conditions of the Southern Urals proved to be unstable (Si2 = 446.4 and 77.4) and low plastic varieties (bi = 0.58 and 0.33), and as a result formed a low yield (35.0 and 16.2 c/ha, respectively). For cultivation in the Southern Urals should use the adaptive apricot varieties of local selection.