Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Enzymatic processing is one of the most promising direction of intensification of wine production processes. Entering into the pulp of enzyme preparations provides a qualitative extraction of the necessary amount of coloring substances and the achievement of the required intensity of color and completeness of taste. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the enzyme preparation of Lafase Fruit on the quality of young dry red wine materials. The determination of physical and chemical parameters of wine materials and wines was carried out according to the standard methods adopted in the wine industry. In order to establish the effect of the enzyme preparation Lafase Fruit on the quality of young dry red wine materials, an experiment was carried out, which included the introduction of this preparation into the pulp of the Magia grapes by doses of 3, 4 and 5 g / 100 kg of grapes. The preparing of wine materials was carried out under microprocessing conditions according to a single technological scheme. It is established that the use of enzyme preparations increases in the concentration of titrated acids by 0.2-0.5 g / dm3, and the extract by 1.2-2 g / dm3. The experimental samples had a high alcohol content (13.0-13.4% vol), and a low concentration of residual sugar (1.8-2.6 g / dm3) and volatile acids (0.58-0.65 g / dm3). Basic organic acids were within the limits of their optimal content in the table wines. As a result of the experiment, it was found that the treatment of pulp with a pectolytic preparation is promising as a method of accumulating of organic acids. The use of the enzyme preparation reduces in the duration of fermentation, reduces in the turbidity of the wine material, and facilitates its clarification. The indicator of the color intensity in the experimental wine materials is higher than one in the control. The positive effect from the introduction of the enzyme preparation is already observed at a dose of 3-4 g / 100 kg, therefore it can be considered the optimal dosage of this enzyme preparation is 4 g / 100 kg of grapes.
The most effective way to create a great apple hybrid triploid fund is the crossing of different chromosome forms of diploid x tetraploid and tetraploid x diploid. A limited set of tetraploid forms is a limiting factor for this direction of breeding. Therefore, the identification and study of new tetraploid apple forms is an important task, and a systematic cytoembryological control is essential to the success of effective breeding work. The aim of our study was cytoembryological analysis of embryological structures in the formation of the female gametophyte in some tetraploid apple forms for their use in breeding at the polyploidy level. The object for study of the female generative sphere was three tetraploid apple forms: Melba (4x), form 30-47-88 and form 25-37-47. The study is carried out in the cytoembriological laboratory of the FSBSI "All Russian Research In-stitute of Fruit Crop Breeding". Features of formation of ovules and embryonic bads of apple plants were studied on permanent preparations, prepared in accordance with generally accepted methods of cytological analysis. This article presents the cytoembryological characteristic of female gametophyte formation of the studied tetraploid ap-ple forms included as initial forms in breeding of this crop at the polyploid level. It is shown by the results of the analysis that tetraploid forms of 25-37-47, 30-47-88, Melba (4x) can be recommended to use in breeding of apple on a polyploidy level as the original parent forms. However, the high self-pollination of 30-47-88 forms is determined in the special experiences, and when you include it in intervalence crossing as a mother it is necessary to make a castration of the flowers to increase in the yield of apple triploid hybrid posterity.
In the structure of modern grapes plantations in the Republic of Daghestan the economical characteristic of the vine plants resistance to adverse environmental cultivation conditions, and to diseases and pests is particularly important. The aim of our work is the genetic breeding of highly productive grapes varieties of various using, phylloxera-resistant and resistant to fungal diseases and adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of growing region. The objective of this study was to investigate the resistance to fungal diseases and pests of the grapes seedlings (hybrid forms) of new selection of DSTSVH. Research work was carried out on the experimental basis of Daghestan Selection Testing Station of Viticulture and Horticulture in a collection of varieties and forms. Primary study of hybrid seedlings was carried out according to the M. lazarevskiy method. The results of our study show the expediency of using in the step and inter hybrid crosses between highly productive and local adapted grapes varieties as the female parent. On the hard infectious background, without protective measures, the grapes genotypes resistant to environmental conditions and biotic stresses are selected. It is noted, that advisable to use in the breeding process of new varieties creating of the local adaptive grapes varieties and the new varieties with valuable signs significant in the breeding. With using of varieties donors of stability and step inter hiybrid crossings it is possible to increase in the resistance of grapes plants to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The results of our research have shown that as donors of resistance to mildew and phylloxera the use of Antey Magarachsky, Pervenets Magaracha and Moldova varieties are promising.
The creation of new apple varieties is a long and laborious process involving several successive stages: the breeding work, the primary study, and State variety tasting. The appearance of new methods in biology, and in particular in molecular biology, requires a rethinking of the approach to the canonical principles of breeding. One of the perspective directions of increase in efficiency of the breeding process on culture of apple-tree is the use of modern methods of the genome molecular genetic analysis based on DNA markers. A combination of classical breeding techniques with DNA analysis of the original forms and hybrid populations is a promising direction of research related to the intensification of the process of genotypes creation with the specific parameters of valuable selective important features Biological objects of our research were the seedlings of apple hybrid fund of academician's of the Russian Academy of Sciences N.I. Saveliev. This article shows the results of the DNA analysis of hybrid seedlings of apple trees on the loci of monogenic resistance to scab (Rvi6 gene) and of columnar growth habit (Co gene) to identify the genotypes with a complex of valuable signs. In the studied combinations of crosses the number of apple seedlings, combining the immunity to scab with the columnar habit of the tree's crown (genotype Rvi6 + Co), was 33.3-40.9 per cent. In the process of our studying it is identified the promising for breeding apple seedlings with genotype of Rvi6Rvi6 + Coco, the involvement of which In the hybridization as the native forms will significantly intensify the breeding process, ensuring the receipt of up to 100 % of seedlings with monogenic resistance to scab and up to 50% of seedlings with columnar growth habit.
When analyzing the state of viticulture development of the Russia it was noted in the assortment the lack of early varieties of table grapes with high storability and transportability, and high-quality technical varieties, resistant to adverse environmental factors. Now the domestic grapes varieties of technical direction become more and more popular. The creation of new high quality varieties resistant to frost, variousdiseases and pests is the access to a market for ecological viticulture and for production of qualitative domestic wines. Creating of high-quality, relatively resistant to phylloxera technical grapes varieties for own-rooted culture using hybridization method is the most promising direction of breeding in which the problem of combating phylloxera is solved most radically. This article presents the results of the work of breeders of Anapa's experimental station for the creation and study of new hybrid grapes forms of table and technical direction, and it was given the detailed morphological characteristics of selected hybrid forms. In the hybridization the best achievements of domestic and foreign breeding of interspecific origin were used. In recent years, the breeders of Anapa's zonal experimental station of viticulture and winemaking were selected the hybrid forms of new generation that correspond to modern requirements of high quality domestic wine. Also the significant work has been done on varieties of table direction, characterized by a large bunches and berries, with unusual shape, beautiful color and high taste qualities. The new selected hybrid grapes form of AZESV&W breeding, that have a high potential of productivity and quality, it is necessary to reproduct further and transfer them to the State tasting.