Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
To study the organic nutrition of grape plants in in vitro culture, we conducted research on the effect of glucose introduced into the nutrient medium on the morphogenesis of test-tube grape plants. The experiments were carried out on two model varieties (Sibirkovyi and Krasnostop Karpi) selected by us from the laboratory collection of in vitro healthy grape plants. These varieties, in addition to differences in genotypes, most noticeably differ in the features of development in in vitro culture, which we noted earlier when they were cultivated and deposited in the collection. The Sibirkovyi variety is one of the fastest growing, and Krasnostop Karpi is one of the slowest developing varieties in in vitro culture. In the experiment, glucose concentrations from 0.0 (sucrose control 10.0 g/l) to 40.0 g/l were used. The varietal response of the model varieties in the experiment with different concentrations of glucose in the nutrient medium was different. The variety Sibirkovyi was already one and a half times ahead of the variety Krasnostop Karpi in development in the first terms of accounting. At the same time, for the Sibirkovyi variety, the optimal range of concentrations for the development and preservation of microplants according to most indicators was the range from 5 to 20 g/l, and for the Krasnostop Karpi variety, the optimal range was narrower 0-20 g/l. At high glucose concentrations of 30,0-40,0 g/l, the plants of both varieties experienced stress, which was manifested in the intensive release of phenols into the nutrient medium (this was most clearly manifested in the Sibirkovyi variety), and often the plants did not reach the top of the cultivation vessel during ontogenesis. besides, they showed earlier aging processes. At the same time, at high concentrations of glucose, a slowdown in growth processes and its ripening of shoots in individual microplants was noted.
The table grape variety Podarok Nesvetaya has a high production responsiveness to the optimization of the structural elements of the bush. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of the differentiated load of bushes with shoots and bunches on the agrobiological properties of grapes, to substantiate the variety-oriented technology for the Podarok Nesvetaya grape variety. The research was carried out in the Central Agroecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region in covered culture with drip irrigation. Planting scheme is 3.5×3.5 m. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. The climate is moderate continental. The average annual air temperature for 1991-2020 is +12.7 ºC, the minimum drops to -27.7 ºC, the maximum rises to +40.7 ºC. The sum of active air temperatures above +10 ºC on average for 30 years is 3945 ºC. The total precipitation is 729 mm. A change in the bunch weight and the grape yield is observed under the changes of bush load with shoots and bunches changes in these conditions. The largest bunch weight, 548 g, is formed with a load of 57 shoots and 43 bunches per bush, the highest yield capacity, 25.88 t/ ha, with a load of 45 shoots and 70 bunches per bush. The correlation between the bunch weight and the number of shoots is direct and average, r = 0.51, and the inverse and strong dependence on the number of bunches, r = -0.71. The dependence of grape yield capacity on the number of shoots is direct and moderate, r = 0.32, on the number of bunches direct and strong, r = 0.90. To obtain stable and high yields of grapes of Podarok Nesvetaya variety on the rootstock of Berlandieri × Riparia SO4 in the Central agroecological zone of irrigated viticulture of the Krasnodar region, the norm of loading of bushes with 45 shoots and 70 bunches per bush is recommended. For obtaining large bunches the norm of loading with shoots is 57 pcs./bush and bunches is 43 pcs./bush.
Currently, due to the active development of viticulture and the expansion of the assortment of cultivated varieties, the current direction of research is the study of promising genotypes and the assessment of the impact of agrotechnical techniques on the productivity and quality of finished products. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of the load of bushes with shoots on the productivity, quality of grapes and wine from the Granatovyi variety growing in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Krasnodar region (Subzone 2). The studies were conducted in 2020-2022. The field experiment included three experimental variants of loading bushes with shoots 1) 100,000 shoots/ha; 2) 120,000 shoots/ha; 3) 140,000 shoots/ha. It is established that the fruitfulness coefficients decrease with an increase in the load of bushes with shoots, and an increase in the number of inflorescences occurs due to an increase in the number of shoots. The productivity of Granatovyi grape variety ranged from 4.7 to 5.0 kg per bush. It is noted that with an increase in the load of bushes with shoots, the range of fluctuations in the mass concentration of sugars increases from 2.2 g/100 cm3 to 3.5 g/100 cm3 . The samples of dry wines in bulk (wine materials) with a load of 120,000 shoots per hectare had the greatest stability of the tasting assessment over the years the fluctuation interval was no more than 0.2 points. For the Granatovyi grape variety in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Krasnodar region (Subzone 2), a load of 120,000 shoots per hectare (36 shoots per bush with a planting scheme of 3.0x1.0 m) is recommended to ensure the receipt of 4.8 kg of high-quality grapes from the bush and the production of wine materials with a tasting score of 8.2 points.
The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. Cultivated grape varieties are considerably affected by a large number of pathogenic microorganisms that cause diseases during the growing season impacting the quantity and quality of the crop its processing and export. Potential threats include bacteria, fungi, oomycetes or viruses with different life cycles, infection mechanisms and survival strategies. In recent years there has been an increase in grape fusarium and a change in the complex of its pathogens in various countries. Fusarium of grapes being a relatively new and dangerous disease negatively affects grape must. A complex of fungi of the genus Fusarium is involved in the defeat of grapes the main feature of which is the ability to produce mycotoxins. The species composition and the proportion of each species in the complex of detected fungi can vary with changes in the conditions of cultivation or storage of grapes, which is accompanied by changes in the spectrum of mycotoxins. Therefore, effective Fusarium control methods need to be introduced in the field before harvest especially using alternative methods to pesticides such as biocontrol. One of the most promising but at the same time poorly developed is the use of antagonists of mycotoxin producers. The use of yeast fungi as a biologized technology of protection against Fusarium in viticulture is relevant. Frequently reported yeast antagonists include strains belonging to the genus Pichia, Meyerozyma, Rhodotorula, Metschnikowia Saccharomyces, Candida, Hanseniaspora, and the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. The review is devoted to the characterization of Fusarium fungi pathogenic for grapes and perspectives of application of biological means of their control with the help of yeast fungi.
In the protection of fruit crops from a complex of pathogens, one of the current tasks is to prevent the development of root rot, among the causes of which are the activity of soil micromycetes Phytophthora sp. Selective media play a key role both in identification and subsequent storage in the laboratory, and in the study of morphological and cultural traits, sporulation ability, as well as to obtain a certain amount of inoculum (for example, for in vivo studies) and mycelium (for DNA isolation). Obtaining a pure culture of pathogenic micromycete with certain morphological and cultural characteristics, which may be important for diagnosis by both traditional and modern methods, determines the relevance of studying the influence of various media on these parameters of the pathogenic fungus Phytophthora sp. The studies were carried out by methods of laboratory and comparative analyses. The growth of the pathogen strain of apple root rot Phytophthora sp. on nine nutrient media was studied. The colony growth rate and morphological and cultural characteristics were evaluated. As a result of the research, the strain has been found to vary not only the growth rate of the colony, but also the cultural characteristics depending on the nutrient medium. Of the nine nutrient media, three universal ones were selected that are most suitable for cultivation and identification, namely, tomato, potato-glucose and must agars. They meet the following criteria: ensuring the maximum degree of sporulation, rapid growth and development of the mycelium of the fungus, ease of preparation. It was also noted that Leroux medium can be used to obtain a large amount of inoculum, since it will produce more spores when planted in a lawn than on other media.