Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The information on qualitative and quantitative cationic composition of wine materials for sparkling wines is very important as allows wine makers-technologists to pick up the schemes of necessary processings which carrying out guarantees stability of finished production and allows us to judge its safety. Under the conditions of the Republic of Crimea the influence on cationic composition of wine materials for pink and red sparkling wines of 2014 harvest of method of grapes processing and yeast race is studied. Determination of mass cations concentration of potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc and iron in the wine materials made from the studied grapes varieties which are grown up under the conditions of the Crimea has been carried out. It is established hat the cationic composition of wine materials for the sparkling wines produced from traditional, introduced and new grapes varieties of Magarach institute breeding, is typical for this kind of production. In the wine materials prepared on a red way, as a rule, more cations of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium are collected. It is shown that the accurate dependence of wine materials cationic composition from yeast race used for preparation hasn't been established. All studied wine materials are suitable for preparation of sparkling wines, and they are a valuable source of mineral substances for the consumer. The information on cationic composition of the studied wine materials is the addition to information on typicalness of mineral composition of wine materials for sparkling wines of the Crimea. The wine materials produced from specified grapes varieties are suitable for preparation of sparkling wines which are a valuable source of the mineral substances useful to a human organizm.
It is known that the long cultivation of grapes culture on one the place leads to violation of the existing level of soil fertility because of alienation of part of plant production with a harvest and carrying out of nutrient elements by the phytomass of a bush. The level of fertility of the soil decreases, her water physical properties become worse, the expenses on the soil processing increase, the economic effect of cultivations decreases. Research are carried out under the conditions of Anapo-Tamansky agric-climatic zone of cultivation of grapes. Studying of technological processes of soil maintenance in the row-spacings of the fructifying vineyards was carried out according to the available references, patents and test reports. We have carried out the research on studying of ensuring level of soils with a humus on grapes plantings, and we used forest belts as control, for comparison and establishment of scales of lands degradation at a monoculture of grapes. The results of laboratory analyses have shown that the level of soils ensuring with a humus on the vineyards, cultivated in the monoculture mode, in the top soil layer lower than in the forest belts. Similar indicators in the most cases have occurred also in the soil layer of 25-50 cm. In this article the results of the analysis of the use of machines for mechaniza-tion of perennial plantings care at their cultivation on fallow system and sod-humus system are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of used cars are noted. To increase in degree of reproduction of soil fertility, it is recommended to develop a device for mowing improved cut shredder of plant mass. The aim is to improve process of rows copying of cultivated perennial plants and soil micro-relief by automatic tracking systems.
The technology of processing of the soil applied now on vineyards on system of black steam is followed by degradation of the soil, the natural process of reproduction of fertility is broken. For decrease in mechanical impact on the soil the biological and resource-saving ways of the maintenance of the soil of vineyards and the effective use of natural resources in productional process of grapes are offered. Merits and demerits of the existing technological processes and cars providing the reproduction of soil fertility are noted. The perspective way of the maintenance of row-spaces of grapes (patent No. 2459399 C1) allowing to eliminate the existing defects is offered: to decrease of mechanical load on the soil, its consolidation, to restore soil fertility. The biological system of the soil maintenance is its basis: the grassy plants sowed in grapes row-spaces remain on a root in adjacent to a soil surface state. So as don't prevent the vegetation of grapes, a grass is bended. The "pillow" formed thus from a continuous grass cover (a vegetative mulch) protects the soil from an overheat, keeps the soil moisture in a hot season, prevents a deep freezing of the soil in the winter, reduces wind and water erosion, deformation of the soil by cars and slows down a mineralization of organic substances. Involvement of organic weight provides the reproduction of water and physical properties and fertility of the soil. At such maintenance of the soil the productivity of grapes plantings increases, power and labor expenses decrease.
The results of complex agric and technological research of the soil maintenance of row-spaces of industrial vineyards of the Temryuksky district of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. The long-term technogenic impact on the soil of heavy machinery and toxic agric chemicals at traditional agric technology of grapes cultivation is noted. Changes of physical and chemical composition of the soil and its structure are shown. As a result its biologically active potential reduces. The ability to bioaccumulation of soil pesticides in the upper soil horizon is established. The obtained data confirm the proceeding process of biological degradation of the soil of long-term plantings. The purpose of our researches is to develop and improve the way of the soil maintenance of vineyards allowing to restore and stabilize the energy potential of agric orchards. Research were conducted in the vine-growing zones of the South of Kuban in the industrial plantings of a specialized farm. "Mirnyi" of the Temryuksky district of Krasnodar Region. Objects of research is production planting of a technical grapes variety of Cabernet Sauvignon of 2004 landing, the scheme of planting of bushes - is 4×2 m. Ecological and toxicological monitoring of the soil of grapes plantings was carried out by the technique developed and patented (patent No. 2380888) by toxicological laboratory of NCRRIH&V. Definition of the pesticides remains in the soil and grapes was carried out by the approved techniques. The developed way of the soil maintenance is based on complex use of organic fertilizer at additional entering into the soil of effective microorganisms. Advantages of this way are the decrease in impurity of the soil toxic chemicals; the improvement of physical and chemical composition and structure of the soil; the increase in productivity of grapes on average by 13,3 %; the decrease in production costs of grapes cultivation by 2,6 %; an increase of net profit by 56,5 %.
In this work we have the purpose: to estimate the efficiency of use of resources of radiation and moisture in the ampelocenoses with different structure of plantings and architecture of plants. The article studies some physiological effects of plant productivity in vineyards with different plantation structure and plant architecture. It has been established that the receipt of photosynthetic active radiation under the conditions of South-ern Ukraine contents of 4,5-7,7 MJ/m2/day during vegetation. Depending of vineyard structure and plant architecture the absorption of photosynthetic active radiation is within the range from 33-59 GJ/ha/day; the use of water for transpire we concluded that the high values of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation's coefficient and coefficient of transpiration established in vineyards with surface of nutrition 3 x 1,25 m, especially on low horizontal cordon and Guyot bi-lateral. A method of evaluation of the arrival and the use of plants of photosynthetic active radiation allows us at relatively low labor expenses effort to identify the physiological criterions of grapes productivity and to reveal the efficiency of the productive process of ampelocenoses, including the use of the resources of radiation and water. The development of optimization criterions of radiation modes, depending on the factors of moisture will allow us at the stage of design decision, taking into account the varietal composition, the feeding area of plants, the formation of bushes and tendril, to create the ampelocenoses with maximum of efficiency of use of natural resources. Regulation of productivity of grapes plantations, on the basis of photometric characteristics of the crown of grapes plants will bring the yield capacity to potential opportunity of plants with the great efficiency.