Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In the European part of the South of Russia the droughts and high air temperatures during the summer are the major stressful factors of environment of fruit crops cultivation. In the organic gardens the use of chemicals is excluded, therefore the specific methods of decrease in adverse effect of various stressors on plants have to be used. The purpose of our research is the selection of an optimumal way of the soil maintenance in the row-space of not irrigated organic apple-tree garden providing the optimization of growth and fruitage of plants under the conditions of moisture deficit and intensity of a thermal factor during the summer period. The zoned Florina apple-tree, immune to a scab, on MM106 rootstock is taken for study. It is studied the ways of soil maintenance in the row-space of an organic garden: black steam, turf alternate row, turf interrow. Indicators of growth and a water exchange of plants are determined using the standard methods. As a result of the carried out research the expediency of introduction in the not irrigated organic apple-tree gardens of the Kuban zone of natural growing herbs sowing alternate row is based. This way of garden soil maintenance provides the increase in resistance of apple-tree plants to abiotic stressors of summer period and the stabilization of generative activity of plants. When we use the system of soil maintenance "sowing of grass alternate row-space" the moderate growth of shoots is noted interfaced to moderate and rather stable fruitage at the level of 23-26 t/hectare. Average apple productivity in this option of experience is 28,0% higher, than in control, and 27,3% more, than in "sowing inter row-space" option. Thus the conditions of trees lighting are improved, the favorable combination of indicators of the water and temperature modes of the soil is created, the efficiency of photosynthetic activity of plants increases.
The research is carried out in the Riesling vineyard under the agric-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture (Anapa). In is known that the technical Riesling grapes has a high productivity of shoots. Also we know, that there is a close relationship of formation and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences of grapes varieties from the genetic characteristics, hormonal plants status, balance of nutrition and weather-conditions. The task of the research was to identify the effect of air temperature and density of bushes planting on laying of generative organs in the buds of Riesling grapes. It is shown that under the agric-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of the Southern Russia viticulture the formation of rudimentary inflorescence occurs sequentially. Monitoring of grapes plants development shows that the first inflorescence was formed completely to July 1, the second inflorescence - to 22 of July. The period from the appearance of generative hillock to the formation of the first inflorescence was 25 days. On the differentiated inflorescences the coefficient of fruiting in the middle of July (K1) was the largest (> 1.0) in the area of 4-6 buds. In subsequent periods (22.07 and 05.08) a zone of differentiated inflorescences with a coefficient of fruitage > 1 has expanded from 2 to 7 buds. It was found that more intensively the differentiation of embryonic inflorescences takes a place in the rare planting of vineyards (3,5 × 2,0 m), compared with a tight planting (2,5 × 1 m). The more intensive differentiation of embryonic inflorescences of Riesling grapes is noted in a zone 2-7 buds. This fact must be taken into account when the calculating of the vines load and the execute of pruning are needed.
Local use of mineral fertilizers with a fertigation of fruit plantings leads to essential change of agrichemical soil properties and formation in the soil of the centers of increased nutrients concentration. Therefore when we calculate the differentiated doses of use of mineral fertilizers it is necessary to consider the change of absolute traits of agrichemical soil properties in a zone of their local introduction. The purpose of research is to determine the change conformity to natural low of levels of an apple-tree providing with available nutrient elements in a zone of mineral fertilizers localization during a small-volume irrigation. The research were carried out under the conditions of unstable moistening of Krasnodar Region. The experience was started in the industrial apple-tree plantings on a dwarf M9 rootstock. The various norms of mineral fertilizers were introduced on the plots: fertigation norm of N30P4K20; fertigation norm of N45P6K30; fertigation norm of N60P8K40. It is found that increasing in norm of mineral fertilizers introduction led to increase in nutrient concentration in a zone of mineral fertilizer localization. It is determined that the local introduction of mineral fertilizers during fertigation on the plots with the increased background nutrient providing is irrationally. The optimization of conditions of the water and food modes during fertigation on the experimental plots promoted the increase in productivity of Champion apple-tree on 4,8-11,0 t/hectare and Prikubanskoye apple-trees - on 4,2-4,9 t/hectare. The conclusion follows that it is necessary to consider the change of absolute traits of agric and chemical soil properties in a zone of their local introduction when we calculate of the differentiated doses of use of mineral fertilizers. It will allow to correct the doses of their introduction taking into account the level of the soil providing of nutrient elements and will decrease in the environmental load.
The increase of anthropogenic load on the farmland soil is connected with process of production intensification. There is a need for accumulation and systematization of soil and agric-chemical indicators of lands under a garden monoculture. We researched the contents of macro- and microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) of a gray forest-steppe soil of a foothill zone of the Western Ciscaucasia in the fruit garden. Research are carried out by means of standard techniques and State standard specifications. The maintenance of mobile forms of microelements is defined in an extract of acetate-ammonium buffer, the definitions were carried out using the nuclear and emission spectrophotometer Optima 2100 DV. It is established that for the concrete water and thermal mode of the region, in the borders of a garden of landing 2012, the content of organic substance, exchanging cations and the indicators of soil solution acidity is typical for this subtype of chernozems. It is defined that the content and distribution of mobile forms of basic mineral elements in the garden soil are characterized by low supply of mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and average potassium ensuring, thus the maintenance of elements considerably decreases down a soil profile. The analysis of experimental data shows that the spreading of mobile forms of manganese and zinc in the garden borders considerably varies, the average indexes of content of copper mobile forms have the close values. The considerable distinctions within one horizon on different elements of a garden relief are revealed. Essential distinctions are shown in the content of water-soluble borum within the analyzed soil horizons, at close average values of the layers contents. Distribution of the mobile iron forms in the studied soil profile increases with depth, but there is a considerable variation of quantitative indicator's values within the soil horizons.
The role of chemical diagnostics of plants nutrition increases in connection with expansion of the range of the special complex mineral fertilizers used for foliar application. This fact assumes a continuation of system research in the field of identification of optimal parameters of the elements maintenance in the indicator plants organs in interrelation with productivity. We carried out the research directed on identification of dynamics and parameters of macro- and microelements content in the leaves of fruit-bearing apple-tree depending on a stage of individual plants development and constructional features of an agric cenosis. The object of research are an apple-tree of Prikubanskoye and Rennet Simirenko on M9 and CK4 rootstocks, with the different scheme of trees placement. Study of dynamics of an apple-tree nutritious mode was carried out using the standard techniques. The maintenance of microelements was determined using the nuclear and emission Optima 2100 DV spectrophotometer. It is established that for an apple-tree in the age period of fruitage the dynamics of the basic mineral elements maintenance is characterized by decrease in the indexes (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium) and reduction of their values range. During the second half of vegetation, when trees placement is more dense in a garden (4,5 x 0,9 m), the higher content of calcium, iron, manganese in the leaves was observed. For an apple-tree in the age period of fruitage, when trees food area reduces from 10 sq.m to 7,5 sq.m the high content in the leaves of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium is observed. The received experimental material will become a basis for establishment of interrelations in a system "soil perennial plant", and also for development of the differentiated system of an apple-tree fertilizer.