Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The blackberry microplants, obtained from meristem in vitro culture VIR (meriklones), were studied under the natural conditions of a foothill zone of the Adygea Republic on traits of their viability, main agronomic characteristics and adaptability. The results of survival of the test-tube plants are received at their transplantation on a sterile soil substratum: from 44% (Merton Thornless) to 100% (Cascade, Witford Thornless, Oregon) and then under natural conditions of the environment (98%). The analysis of growth and fructification of samples is carried out. Thornless varieties of Dirksen Thornless, Eldorado, Evergreen Thornless are steadily fruitful. The first two varieties differ in large berries and their high marketability. Early ripening varieties are Young, Cascade, Dirksen Thornless, Logan Thornless, Tayberry; the late-ripening - Santiam and Evergreen Thornless. 7-10% of sugars are accumulated in the berries of Cascade, Tayberry, Young, Whitford Thornless, 60 mg/% of ascorbic acid have Achton Cross, Oregon Thornless, Merton Thornless and Tayberry varieties. Drought and heat resistance of blackberries are estimated generally 4,5 points. In the field conditions the content of water in the leaves makes 60-70 %. At artificial dehydration the leaves of Achton Cross and Dirksen Thornless varieties lose more than 40% of water for 6 hours. High water-retaining ability of leaves is noted at Logan Thornless blackberry. In severe and low-snow winters at varieties of Whitford Thornless, Dirksen Thornless, Eldo-rado, Logan Thornless, Young the top part of shoots freezes slightly, and at Cascade and Achton Cross the shoots freeze slightly to soil level. Oregon Thornless and Whitford Thornless varieties are almost resistant against leaves spot (defeat to 1 point) the Cascade, Santiam, Tayberry varieties are high susceptible (3,5 points).
For the characteristic of thermal requirements of viticulture and some grapes varieties the numerous of indexes are used: sum of average day temperatures and effective temperatures, minimal temperature of inter phase periods, temperatures of beginning of phenophase, average temperatures of inter phase periods. The purpose of this research is the characteristic of temperature requirements of varieties cultivated under the conditions of Nizhny Don Region on the basis of analysis of 71 grapes varieties from Ya.I. Potapenko Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking collection, that presents the varieties differ in term of maturing and a way of maintaining culture and direction of use. Research showed that under the conditions of Nizhny Don Region the period from bud break to flowering is characterized by sum of temperatures of 655 C for all varieties. The period from the beginning of flowering to beginning of ripening has duration of 39-68 days and 885-1596C. The average duration period from the beginning of ripening to full maturity of berries varies from 19 up to 51 days, the sum of temperatures - from 457 up to 1129C. The studied varieties considerably differ on the sum of temperatures for vegetation: from 2068 up to 3205C. Different degree of dependence of inter phase duration from temperatures is confirmed by the correlation analysis: strong correlation during the period from the bud break to flowering (average coefficient of correlation is r =-0,91), the duration of the production period depends lesser from average temperature (r =-0,74). Duration of period from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of ripening doesn't depend on the average temperature (r =-0,30), period from the beginning before full maturing depends not strongly (r =-0,45). The model of constancy of the sums of effective temperatures above a temperature minimum works well for the period from bud break to flowering (the sum of temperatures above 10-11C is equal 270C) and for production period in whole (the sum of temperatures above 11 C varied from 814 to 2029C for grapes varieties).
In the article the stages of formation of the VIR squash collection and the ways of mobilization of new samples are given. Currently the collection represented by the five cultural species and counts 2567 accessions from 97 countries. Of these, 1035 - local varieties-populations, 1477 - breeding varieties, 25 - hybrids, 30 - inbred lines and donors of valuable breeding traits. The increase in the collection is carried out in the following areas: the collection of local forms with a high degree of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and valuable biochemical composition; the attracting the best world achievements of modern breeding. For the last five years the squash collection was increased on 102 new samples. As a result of study of the squash samples the local samples, characterized by excellent taste, high yielding, early maturing, resistant to the complex of diseases, with a high content of carotene, were selected. In the article the level of genetic study of the morphological and biological traits is analyzed. The genetic collection of squash are created, which presents with the following traits: watermelon mosaic virus resistance - gene Wmv(1 acc,), naked seeds - gene n (22 acc.); bush habit - gene Bu (40 acc.); spaghetti flesh - gene sp (6 acc.); parthenocarpy - (16 accessions and 14 lines). Genetic collection of marker traits includes the following signs: yellow-green young leaves - gene v (2 acc.), rosette leaf - gene ro (1 acc.). On the basis of the identified gene pool of a squash in VIR (Kuban experimental station and Pushkin laboratories) the research on creation of donor of valuable breeding traits is carried out. Donors of bush habit, fruit quality, high content of carotene, a yellow color of the fruit, with related positive characteristics such as early maturity, high productivity, resistance to diseases are created.
The present paper discusses the main historical stages of development of breeding and seed growing of garden pea at the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station from its foundation to the present day, as well as sums up the work done and enumerates the main achievements at each stage. Priority trends of garden pea breeding in the Krasnodar Region are considered, the main being: development of varieties of different groups of ripeness, small-seediness, polycarpy (triple pods on the flower stalk), polyspermy, determinant type of stem growth, leafless types, resistance to abiotic stress factors that are the characteristic of the South of Russia etc. A hybrid that combines determination and fasciation that are relevant for further breeding aimed at obtaining of the high-yielding lodging resistant varieties is presented. The paper describes the new varieties that were developed and included in the State Register of Selection Achievements in recent years, as well as those that have the different vegetation periods and allow you the packing industry to process green peas within 30 days. A comparative description of them and the standard varieties according to the main economically valuable parameters is given. The paper brings forward a promising conveyor of the varieties and hybrids of breeding at the experimental station that can increase the supply of raw material for processing up to 40 days and longer in actual production due to the varieties with exceptionally short and short ripening periods, which will enable to significantly raise the output of canning and frozen production in the Krasnodar Region. Drawing on the results of the competitive variety testing in 2012-2014, the paper provides data on the yields of beans and green peas of promising hybrids.
In recent years the scales of gardening of settlements have considerably increased in the Belgorod region. Respectively, it causes the necessity of increase in volumes of cultivation of landing material and introduction in the greening assortment of the new ornamental wood plants which includes the elder plants. Research objective was the identification of prospects degree of use of some representatives of the Sambucus L. sort under the conditions of an introduction of the Belgorod Region.The presented in this article results are got as a result of research that are carried out on the base of the Botanical garden of the Belgorod State university. The study is undertaken an on the types of Sambucus canadensis L., Sambucus canadensis 'Plumosa' L., Sambucus racemosa 'Aurea' L., Sambucus racemosa L., Sambucus nigra L., Sambucus racemosa 'Plumosa' L., Sambucus sibirica Nakai. and Sambucus coreana Nakai on the generally accepted methodologies in the breeding work. On prospects degree under the conditions of the Belgorod Region the secies of elder are presented by two groups: the first group - the most perspective with an assessment of 101-115 points (S. nigra L., S. racemosa 'Aurea' L. and S. sibirica Nakai.), the making 38% of total number of the introduced secies; the second - perspective secies of elder with an assessment of 95-100 points (S. canadensis L., S. canadensis 'Plumosa' L., S. racemosa L., S. racemosa 'Plumosa' L. and S. coreana Nakai.), the making 62% of total number of the introduced secies.