Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Under the conditions of the Western-foothill subzone of the Krasnodar Territory in the industrial plantations LLC Gardens of the Foothills, the effect of foliar top dressing of apple trees by special complex of aminoacids and nutrition saults the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves has been studied. The object of research is an apple-tree on MM106 a rootstock of Idared, Rennet Simirenko, Golden Delishes of 2012 landing. In the beginning of blossoming, the trees were treated with fertilizer containing boron and amino acids. In May, the leaf treatments with an aqueous solution of liquid mineral fertilizers of the composition CaO and N were made. In June, the apple trees were treated with an aqueous solution of special complex mineral fertilizers of N18P18K18 + 2Mg + 1.5S. An analysis of the hydrothermal factors dynamics in the spring-summer period re-vealed a prolonged negative effect the plants of a complex of abiotic stressors. Against this background, the morpho-anatomical structure of leaves treated with aqueous solutions of organic-mineral fertilizers was studied. A significant thickening of the leaf sheet is revealed due to a significant increase in the palisade layer of the leaf mesophyll (from 2.6 to 9.9 %, depending on the variety), containing the main amount of chloroplasts. The size of the leaf sheet increased in 7.1-41.0 %. Spectral analysis of the leaves revealed a significant increase in the number of functional pigments for the all studied apple varieties with the use of foliar top dressing (by 2.1-18.9 %, depending on the variety), which contributed to the enhancement of plant assimilation activity. The content of green pigments correlated with the content of monosaccharides (fructose, glucose) in the leaves: k = 0.56-0.58. The trend continued through all period of study. Thus, the use of apple plants top dressing with organic and mineral fertilizers containing macro-, microelements and a complex of amino acids in a spring-summer period allows you to regulate the intensity of photosynthesis at the anatomical, morphological and physiological levels.
Harvesting and processing of white Chardonnay grapes and red grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon grown in the Southern climate condition of the four districts of the Krasnodar territory are done. The agrotechnical data collected from experimental plots (name of farm, square of plot, age of the vineyard, weight of the grape samples). The results of determination of physical-chemical parameters of the examined grape musts and wine products indicate the technological and physiological maturity of grapes. Harvested grapes for study were healthy, with the necessary amount of sugars and acids for the production of high quality dry table wines. The most important value to determine the taste and nutritional qualities of grapes and their suitability for technical processing are sugar and organic acids. The sugar content in the must from Chardonnay grapes ranged from 18,1 to 23.7 g/100 cm3 , from grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon from 18.8 to 25.2 g/100 cm3. Mass concentration of titratable acids in the experimental wine materials was in the range required by the standard. Almost of all dry wine materials had a high alcohol content from 11.1 to 14.9 % vol., due to high sugar accumulation in the berries. High values of the given extract (more than 16 g/dm3 for white wines and more than 18 g/dm3 for red wines) were in the whole of wine materials. The high-quality raw materials f or the production of table wines were made using the classic technology, which was confirmed by high organoleptic assessment of wines. The obtained results can be used as the basis for the development of a modern system of quality assessment of wine production in the Russian Federation, as well as assessment of the geographic origin and the season of wine-making.
The data of long-term study to research the bioecology of the codling moth, miner mothes and garden leafworms under conditions of weather changes in the Krasnodar Territory are presented. The time of occurrence and development dura-tion of individual stages of vermins are determined, the species composition of the Lepidoptera is founded. The most harmful species of phytophages are identified, on which the construction of protection programs is focused, among which the apple codling moth is most common and harmful. For successful protection from the codling moth, it is necessary to establish the time frame or the appearance of vulnerable stages of its development. Depending on weather conditions, the beginning of fly takes place at 42.7-95.9 º; mass fly at 58.9-145.9 º; the beginning of the release of caterpillars from eggs at 139.4-201.3 º. Embryonic development in spring takes place in 9-10 days at a temperature of + 15.4 ... + 20.6 º; in summer for 5-7 days at a temperature of + 18.6 ... + 30 º. The development of caterpillars takes 23-25 days at a temperature of + 18.8 ... + 25.9 º and 13-18 days at a temperature of + 21.9 ... +30 º. It has been established that the mass fly of the codling moth butterflies coincides with the period of egg laying by miner moths, the hatching of caterpillars, the onset of pupation of some garden leafworms, and processing of the orchard against the codling moth provides a reduction in the number of these vermins too. The obtained data allow to theoretically calculate the processing time. To destroy the overwintering caterpillars, before leaving them from the wintering grounds and before penetration into a bud, there treatment of plants with chemical synthetic insecticides or preparations of natural origin. After blossoming of apple tree, it is advisable to carry out the processing using the hormone preparations, which are the most effective and environmentally friendly. It was noted that for successful protection from the codling moth, garden leafworm and miner moths it is necessary to establish the phytophagous population density in the autumn and spring; and the forecast of vermin development taking into account the abundance of the remaining part of the population after wintering.
Today, the production of Russian apple juice concentrate from domestic raw material provides the needs of the juice industry no more than 21 %. Restoration of the domestic raw material base of the juice production is the most important task, the solution of which is impossible without expanding the areas under the intensive plantations laid using the specially selected immune or scab-resistant varieties guaranteed for stable production of environmentally safe and inexpensive raw material. Our research was directed to study the suitability of immune and scab-resistant apple varieties and hybrids of the Institute of Breeding Fruit Crops for juice production, the selection among them the best varieties with chemical and technological qualities of fruits prom-ising for cultivation in the raw gardens and using in breeding for high technological qualities of fruits. Apple cultivars of Institute Of Fruit Crop Breeding have been assessed for juice output and quality of natural juice from fruits. When selecting the cultivars for juice production we took into consideration not only juice output but also the contents of soluble dry substances, sum of sugars, titrate acidity and P-active substances. General taste estimation was given to the juice obtained from apple fruits of different dates of maturing. As a result of the long-term breeding work two apple cultivars, Zaryanka and Sokovinka, have been released from the family of Antonovka Krasnobochka x SR 0523 for juice production. Zaryanka has been included in the State Register of Breed-ing Achievements Admitted for Use (regionalized) and Sokovinka is suggested for state testing. These cultivars exceed control Antonovka Obyknovennaya in juice output and taste marking of juice, according to our experiments.
An increase in the volumes of the apple production led to the need the perfection of the processing technology for beverages, including ciders (fruit wines). Previously adapted technology of the fruit wines production did not ensure the economical utilization of raw resources, it was labor-consuming and energy-consuming, and the wines produced were inclined to the dimness. The main obstacle in the solution of fruit wines stability problems is the presence in the raw material composition of the high-molecular polymers, such as protopectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and also protein and phenol substances. Our study the composition of the high-molecular substances of apple fruit wines demonstrate the predominance of the polysaccharides, including the pectic substances, which influence greater the yield of juice during processing of apples and provide the stability of ciders. Close concentrations of both forms of pectic substances are observed all period of studying. The greatest quantity of pectic substances are revealed in the apples of Renet Simirenko, Korea, Florina. Also significant quantity of undissolved protopectin was found in the apples of Idared, Korea, Florina, Jonathan and, especially, Renet Simirenko. It speaks about the need to use the fermentation preparations of pectolitic or complex action for the destruction of the same pectic substances to the galacturonic acids and the complex compounds. It is shown that the introduction of fermentation preparations ensured the hydrolysis of high-molecular polysaccharides in the fermented juices of all apple types studied. The most effective were the fermentation preparations of fruktocim M and P group. The technology of the fruit wines stabilization is developed. Its essence consists in the fact that due to the maximal removal of the components, which cause colloidal and other dimness at the early stage of technological process, exactly during working of juice and its fermentation, the basic prerequisites for the production of stable wine are ensured.