Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Biological features of grapes plants, their selective insistence to temperature condition, and especially to minimal air temperatures, limit an area of its growth. Cultivation of plantings under severe climatic conditions is followed by deterioration of grapes quality, damage of separate bodies of plants up to full death of bushes. Under these conditions the problem of formation of steady ampelocenoses and prevention of sparse grapes planting is actual. For providing an objective assessment of vineyards condition the object is to develop a technique of definition of sparse grapes plantings, and carrying out of monitoring with high precision. As object of research were used the most wide spread grapes plantings in the North Caucasus Region, including the largest producers as Krasnodar Region, Republic of Dagestan, Stavropol Region and others. Scientifically reasonable method of definition of sparse grapes plantings is presented in the article. When developing a method for reliable inspection of orchardsfor sparseplanting the selective accountsin the each row and with an interval through 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 rows are carried out.Presentability of selectionfor carryingout of accountsis determined by a difference of sparse indicators in the plantings receivedin the selective rowsand in an each row. It is establishedthat in the process of reductionof quantity of selective rowsfor calculation the mistake graduallyincreases.The results of the carriedoutresearch have shown-thatfor scientifically based inspection of vineyards for sparseplantings with highprecision,at a sign toleranceto 5%, the accounts needto be carriedout with an intervalthrough five grapes rows,and sixth rowshould beconsideredas a rowthatneed calculation.
The article presents the results of research of the influence of the new water-soluble foliar fertilizers as Atlant Plus, Nutrivant Plus, Kelik potassium-silicon and complex of microelements (KM) - B, Mn and Zn on agrobiological and technological characteristics of the technical grapes variety of Chardonnay. Research were carried out in the AF CGC "Primorskoye" of the Temryuk District. The experimental setup consisted 5 options: no treatment (control); Atlant Plus - 2 kg / ha; Nutrivant Plus - 1 kg / ha; Kelik potassium-silicon - 3 kg / ha; microelements (In, Zn, Mn) - 600 g / ha. The consumption rate of the working fluid is 500 l / ha. During the growing season the foliar application was carried out in three terms: after flowering, in the growth phase of berries (berry of a pea) and in the beginning of berries ripening. It was found that foliar fertilizing of vines by all tested fertilizers has led to some increase in weight of the bunch and the significant increase in yield from the bush on 4,3-6,5%. Kelik potassium-silicon contributed to an increase in safety factor and fruiting buds, Nutrivant Plus - factor of fruiting, and Atlant Plus and KM - the coefficient of fruitfulness and the number of fruit-bearing buds at least two buds. The use of fertilizers led to a significant increase in the sugar content in the juice of berries and to some reduction in the content of titratable acids. The highest content of chlorophyll (a + b), and the amount of carotene and pigments have appeared in the versions of "Atlanta Plus" and "Kelik potassium-silicon", in which the berries have the highest sugar content. Application of Nutrivant Plus and Atlant Plus helped to improve the quality of wine materials. The highest estimate was provided by foliar fertilizing of bushes by complex of micro elements (boron, manganese, zinc).
When forming the quality of strawberry berries one of important elements is the use of the fertilizers capable to protect the plants from external influences and to purposefully regulate their growth and development. In this work it is presented the results of use not root feeding by liquid complex fertilizer with micro elements of "Alga Mix B Mg" for different phases of development of strawberry plants of Onda for control of harvest formation and a chemical composition of berries. As a result of the carried out research the positive influence of the complex fertilizer on strawberry productivity is established: the number of flowers exceeded control for 2,3%, the number of developed berries - for 23% with increase in average mass of berries by 15%. It allow you to receive a harvest on 5,8 t/hectare higher. The use of not root feeding of strawberry by complex fertilizer of "Alga Mix B Mg" has allowed to improve the quality of berries: the content of soluble solids and sugars increased on 2,3%, vitamin C - on 41,1%. It is shown the improvement of tastes of strawberry berries under the influence of non root feeding due increasing in content of sugars and decrease in acidity. The strengthening of intensity of berries color connected with increase in quantity of anthocyan pigments for 13,8% favorably affects the commodity and consumer qualities of strawberry, and also the acceleration of berries maturing (for 3-4 days) demonstrates. The results of the carried out research show that by means of not root top dressing by complex fertilizer of "Alga Mix B Mg" possibly to increase in productivity, commodity qualities, nutrition and biological value of strawberry berries.
The basis for profitable fruit growing is the variety, is biological characteristics define the nature of the growth, fruiting and productivity of horticultural crops, dictate the requirements for the application of various technologies. One of the main pests of pear is a pear psylla (Psylla pyri L.), which in large numbers, can cause the death of pear plantations. The range of products currently authorized for use in pear orchards, does not provide the effective protection against pest. In the context of growing seasons 2010-2012 on plants varieties Osennyaya Yakovleva in the fight against the proliferation of mass pear psylla the drugs were used: Dimilin (1 kg / ha) - an insecticide belonging to the group of regulators of growth and development of insects; Aktara (0.2 kg / ha) - insecticide of enteric-contact action; Vertimek (0.75 l / ha) - insectoacaricide of enteric-contact action; Decis Profi (0.06 kg / ha) - insecticide of enteric-contact action; B-58 New (1.5 l / ha) - a system-contact insectoacaricide; Calypso (0.4 l / ha) - a contact-intestinal insecticide with systemic action. Effective application of insecticides against the pest is provided only with taking into account the biology of the pest development. Thus, the monitoring of weather conditions and analysis of the development of pear psylla during the growing season helped to reduce the pesticide load in the plantations of fruit bearing pear and increase profitability pear fruit. According the weather conditions and the degree of development of the pest, the used preparations showed different efficacy. The weather conditions in 2010 and 2012 helped the highest prevalence and development of pear sucker (the optimum temperature and humidity, low rainfall); the frequent and abundant precipitation in 2011. The most and long biological efficiency (85-98%) in the fight against pear psylla (14 days), regardless of the weather conditions, was in the variants "Aktara" and tank-mix "Dimilin + Aktara", the smallest efficiency - "Dimilin","Decis profi", "Bi-58 New," "Calypso". The high biological efficiency of preparation of Dimilin, Aktara and Vertimek is achieved monofactorial, at their use for a low number of pear psylla.
In the article the stages of realization of design idea of creation of a small garden with elements of the Russian farmstead in the process of reconstruction of an old garden are described (free planning, mix of planting of orna-mental shrubs with berry bushes, shady corners, twisting paths, decorative kitchen garden and other elements of landscape). A main objective of this work is integration of natural scientific knowledge and design and art creative work for creation of design model of a small garden of a certain style orientation in the combination with the biological diversity meeting the main requirements of landscaping design. The basic novelty aspect of the presented work is approach to the reconstructed object as to dynamic system and creation of planning schemes of placement and a combination of landscape fragments. The recommendations stated in the domestic and foreign references, answering the purpose of this development, became the methodical basis for implementation of the present project. In the course of its introduction the main stages are following: natural observing of plots, creation of virtual plans and models, sketches of various landscape zones of the reconstructed garden, selection of color schemes of design objects and also development of the assortment list containing data on quantity and specific structure of plants, natural cycles of their blossoming, etc. The wide purpose of design of the plot compositions for landscape park has been solved thanks to integration of natural scientific knowledge and design and art works of designers. Creative approach to reconstruction of an old garden has been caused by original combinations of fruit and berry crops and ornamental one-year and perennial plants and, besides, by creation of the decorative kitchen garden combining the beauty and advantage - the typical components of the Russian landscape art.