Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The purpose of the carried out research is development of a way of a formation of sweet cherry trees on a high growing rootstock at high density of plants landing (5,0 x 2,0m). Research are carried out under the soil climatic conditions of LLC "Interinvest", of Stavropol Region. Objects of research are the sweet cherry varieties of various ecological-geographical origin: Zemfira, General-skaya, Donetskiy Ugolyok. The results of research allowing to recommend the new system of pruning of sweet cherry trees on strongly growing rootstock are presented in this article. At this system the low-trunk skeleton of crown with vertically growing the same branches is formed. Periodic rejuvenation of these branches will promote the formation in a crown of young flexible branches (5-6 years). It allows you to carry out the harvesting of sweet cherry fruits without garden ladders and it increases in labor productivity. Use of a strongly growing rootstock stimulates the rapid growth of vertically focused branches in a crown of trees, increases in intensity of process of generative buds formation and accelerates the plants introduction in fructification that gives the chance of getting of industrial harvest of sweet cherry fruits for 2-3 year after laying of branches. It is noted that when increase in stressful influences during cultivation (a heat, a drought, hot dry winds, the frosts) the new system of formation of sweet cherry trees on a strongly growing rootstock in the gardens of intensive type increases in resistance of plants to influence of stressful factors of the environment. When forming a harvest of sweet cherry fruits on the vertical highly growing branches during the early-spring periods of vegetation the decrease in harvest loss from frosts, and also from a hail that more damages the horizontal branches of trees is reached.
In the pilot study on vineyards of the Rostov Region it is established that by optimization of the scheme of bushes planting the efficiency of lands use and the efficiency of plantings productivity are increasing. In case of dense landing it is possible to receive the required amount of grapes from the smaller area of plantings. Considering the relevance of a problem of rational use of land resources in the productional process of grapes and insufficient study of influence of the scheme of bushes planting in the perennial plantings, we have set the object is to reveal the optimal scheme and density of bushes planting using the criterions of productivity for increase in efficiency of use of land resources in the wine growing branch. The reliable influence of the different scheme and density of bushes landing to change of efficiency of grapes plantings under the agric and ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture of the South of Russia is established. The research are carried out on Riesling Rhine vineyards in the stationary two factorial field experiment with a different width of row-spacings and different distance between bushes under the conditions of the increased solar insolation, uneven falling of atmospheric precipitations and their deficit during the main periods of vegetation. Under the abnormal weather conditions the vineyards were put according to the scheme 3,5×1,0 and 3,0×1,5 meters have the greatest efficiency. In these options at the density of planting of 2857 and 2222 bushes on hectare the productivity of grapes was the greatest, on average is 12,25 t/hectare. Receiving the same harvest with other schemes of bushes planting will require to use the bigger land area. It convincingly proves the need of application of the optimized ways of bushes grapes planting for effective use of land resources in the agricultural production.
The article presents the results of study of ecological-physiological aspects of the influence of biological preparations on the growth and development of competitive plant production under the controlled conditions of hothouse with heating. The objects of research: the apple varieties of Grushovka Moskovskaya, Mechtatel'nitsa, Brusnichnoye, Bely Naliv on the rootstock of Ural 56. To carry out of the experiment we use the bio-organic preparations of "Mival-agro" and "Samorodovo". Preparations of new generation make active the processes of plant live ability, increase in productivity, improve the quality of agricultural production, strengthen the protective properties of plants, increase in stability to adverse conditions of cultivation - to sharp differences of temperatures, frosts, late frosts, to a heat and a drought, or opposite, to waterlogged soil and the insufficient sum of active temperatures. The results of the carried out research have shown, that processing by solutions of Mival-agro and Samorodovo renders the essential influence on formation and development of root system. They assist an increase in quantity of additional roots, their lengths and thickness. It is established that processing by studied preparations is effective, in all versions of experience the highest parameters of formation and development of root system on all researched varieties are received. The quality of apple planting material depends on the length of shoots. The treatment of plants by preparations significantly affected the growth and development of aboveground organs of seedlings. A significant difference of plants traits relative to the control is observed in the processing using solution of bio-fertilizers "Samorodovo". We came to the conclusion that the use of new generation preparations of Mival-agro and Samorodovo has a positive influence on the processes of formation and development of the root system, they help to activate the growth process of seedlings of the studied apple varieties grown under the controlled conditions, and it promotes the positive influence on the development and quality of seedlings.
The materials and results of use of new complex foreign fertilizer Greene Go 8-16-24+10CaO, not investigated early, for action on grapes plants are presented. The study of this matter is necessary for identification of new opportunities of control of saplings survival on a plantation and productivity of plants. With application of fertilizers it is possible to increase considerably the productivity and terms of operation of the plantings infected with a phylloxera. The purpose of research is to develop the ways of improvement of nutrition conditions in the process of laying of vineyards and their cultivation on chestnut soils in the Naursky District of the Chechen Republic. In an experience the grapes saplings of Rkatseteli which have the increased resistance to a root form of a phylloxera are used. The fertilizer of Greene Go was introduced in the doses from 10 to 30 kg/hectare. The highest survival of grapes saplings has been received in case of introduction of fertilizer in a dose of 15 kg/hectare - on average in three years of 98,6% or higher on 13,1%, than in control and 7,6% above N15P12K12 option. In case of reduction or increasing in a dose of fertilizer the effect considerably decreased. The entering into the soil of Greene Go in the dose of 15 kg/hectare has allowed to increase in intensity of development of grapes plants and their quality. The improvement of the nutritious mode of the soil has affected the productivity of grapes plantings, and for the fourth year of plant vegetation the productivity at the using of fertilizer (15 kg/hectare) was 72,01 c/hectare or above, than without application of fertilizers, on 18,67 c/hectare. We came to the conclusion that on chestnut soils to apply the fertilizer Greene Go 8-16-24+10CaO in a dose of 15 kg d.v./ hectare is the most effectively.
The degree of defeat of grapes plants by harmful organisms depends on biological features of the cultivated varieties and their adaptive potential and efficiency of protective measures. Under the conditions of Krasnodar Region now there are about 30 harmful organisms capable to destroy more than 10% of a harvest and even to cause the death of bushes. The wine prepared from grapes of the sick bushes is worse on qualitative indexes that the wine materials from grapes of healthy bushes. Our task is to study the influence of the scheme of planting of Riesling grapes bushes on a phytosanitary condition of plantings. Adaptive reaction of plants in case of different schemes of landing was researched. Research is carried out under the agric-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area, the central subband of wine growing of Krasnodar Region (Anapa). The observations of a phytosanitary condition of grapes plants during their vegetation we carried out using a technique of evaluation of varieties resistance to the dominating harmful organisms. In the article the results of studying of a susceptibility of plants to harmful organisms at the different density of landing of Riesling grapes bushes are presented. The steady tendency of spreading and strengthening of intensity of mildew development is established in case of increase in density of bushes planting. The greatest spread and intensity of disease development were observed in the grapes plantings in case of density of bushes planting 2,0 × 1,0 m, the smallest spread - at the landing density of bushes - 3,5 × 2,0 m. It is shown that degree of grapes defeat increases in case of decrease of row-spacings width from 3,5 to 2,0 m and in case of decrease of distance between bushes from 2,0 to 1,0 m, irrespective of row-spacings width.