Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The modern choose of varieties in the industrial wine growing is directed on the varieties with high competitiveness in the consumer market, at the same time the new highly productive varieties capable to produce the original wines are of interest. For possibility of expansion of assortment of industrial viticulture in the Temryuk district of Krasnodar Region the areas for cultivate of the introduced technical grapes varieties of the Greek breeding are selected. These varieties are early bearing and differ in very high productivity (25-30 t/hectare and more). The varieties are undemanding to soils, grow well on poor, dry and lime soils, differ in high drought resistance. In comparison with the zoned technical varieties of the Black Sea area the grapes varieties of the Greek breeding are more winter-hardy, cold-stable and with high stability to mildew, gray decay and an oidium. Due to noted advantages these varieties are of undoubted interest to deeper studying of features of chemical and biochemical grapes com-position to determine a possibility of varieties cultivation in the conditions of the region and for the choice of the direction of their using. In this work the assessment of indexes of the quality of the grapes mash received from the new grapes varieties of the Greek breeding growing in the conditions of the Taman subband of the Krasnodar Region has been carried out. It is shown that the different terms of grapes harvesting considerably influence the mass concentration of sugars in a grapes mash from the studied varieties, however it is not essential changes the titrable acidity of a mash. The results of the analysis we have been compared with an organoleptic assessment of table dry wine materials, and it has allowed to select the new perspective grapes variety of Singros for production of qualitative table white wines.
Apple-tree is the leader in the harvesting and square of orchards in the horticulture of Russia. The development of protection systems from harmful organisms, as a way to increase in yield, is widely studied and put into practice of horticulture. At the same time, the morphological and physiological features of generative capacity and bearing in connection with pathogenesis of major apple diseases were not investigated enough. The aim of this research is to learn an apple organogenesis in the connection with the pathophytocenosis dynamics (for example, scab and powdery mildew of apple). The basic method of study is the morphological-physiological analysis, which combines the study of intra-buds development and the morphometry of the extra-buds development of shoots, leaves, flowers, ovary and fruits in the connection with the pathogenesis of the studied apple tree diseases. The results of studying of apple-tree organogenesis and analysis of the special features of the pathogenesis of the apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm.), show that both processes depend on the climatic conditions in the location of agrical phytopathocenosis. The mechanism of regulation of apple tree organogenesis and development of pathophytocenosis of cultivation zone of orchards, are the climatic conditions (temperature regime, duration of day, amount of precipitation and others) and the degree of joining is sufficiently close. As consequence, the analysis of the process of apple-tree generative development makes possible to determine not only the data of the harvesting, the methods and the degree of pruning, the norm and the regimes of irrigation, and the introduction of fertilizers, but also the norms and the regimes of the pesticides application, which can be corrected taking into account the data of morphological-physiological analysis.
One of the most damaging strawberry diseases are root rots. Expansion of the species composition and increase the number of the most dangero us organisms is marked on the plantations of this culture. The objects of study are the causative agents of strawberry root and basal rots, as well as promising strawberry varieties of in the nursery orchards of EPF "Centralnoe" (Krasnodar). In the Krasnodar Region is marked the damage of strawberry tendrils by fungis of the Phytophthora genus a new pathogen for our region. The damage of genus Fusarium is marked last years. In 2015 it was found on the berries and in 2016 it was found on the strawberry tendrils and on the root system. As a result of fito monitoring of root rot in the strawberry agricultural cenosis it was selected the most damaged varieties of Cleary, Onda, Syria, Elizabeth. The damage per cent of Phytophthora fungi of all studied samples was 6.3. The harmfulness of Anthracnose Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds was fixed for all testing varieties and the percentage of damage of this desease is 22.6. The causative agent of root rot Fusarium spp. was also noted on studied varieties in the experiment, its damage of plants was 76.8 %. Today it is a significant threat for strawberry orchards. We were found that in the strawberry agricultural cenosis the fungi of the genus of Phytophthora spp. and the fungi of Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds become active. Their harmfulness on the strawberry plantations under favorable weather conditions is 60 to 85 %. Phytophtora of strawberry is a new and rather unexplored disease for our region. And it can be assumed that because of climatic changes, the pathogen will be greatest on the harmfulness for strawberry. The fungi of Fusarium spp. genus causing a root rot of strawberry, become very dangerous for nursery strawberry plantation, and it may greatly affect the quality of planting material.
In recent years, the wine market was an increase in demand for red sparkling wines, and the quality of these wines depends on the origin row material. The grapes variety can obtain the high-quality products only under certain environmental conditions and in case of the use of farming practices that are most appropriate to the agric and biological features and the direction of the crop. It is therefore particularly important and relevant the careful selection of grapes varieties, the most promising with set of commercially valuable properties (yield, disease resistance, crop quality, etc.) and biological characteristics (adaptability and development stability under specific natural conditions), which are the raw materials for the quality winemaking. Breeders of AZESV&W (Anapa) created a whole new set of red grapes varieties, characterized by an increased resistance to diseases, pests, high productivity, early and very early ripening, and other positive qualities. Therefore, the current area of research is the study of grapes varieties of AZESV&W breeding to determine their technological orientation and to determine the possibility of their using for making of red sparkling wine. The article presents the results of study on the selection and justification of possibility of use of new varieties of AZESV&W breeding to produce the red sparkling wine. It was found that the grapes varieties of Cabernet AZES, Krasnostop AZES and Harmonia are not inferior to Cabernet Sauvignon and they can be used to produce the red sparkling sweet wines of high quality.
The genetic cherry capacity grown up in the Nakhchyvan Autonomous Republic includes 66,7 % of local varieties and 33,3 % of introduced varieties. The purpose of our research is the definition of productivity of cherry forms cultivated in the Nakhchyvan AR taking into account the use of the biometric indexes. The objects of research are twelve cherry forms, and the zoned variety as a control was taken. For determining of indexes of trees productivity the methodical grants are used. It is established that the trees height of the cherry forms which are grown up in the Nakhchyvan is 3,0-5,0 m. The highest rates of volume and area of a crown projection are determined for cherry form of Kotam-2 (70,7 m3 and 16,6 sq.m). For 66,7 % of cherry forms the efficiency coefficient on crown volume is higher, than the coefficient of control variety. The efficiency coefficient on an indicator "the area of a crown projection" for cherry forms were 1,10-3,42 kg/m2. The index of average productivity varies in an interval 14,80-39,65 kg/tree, at 58,3 % of cherry forms this index is higher, than at a control variety (32,45 kg/tree). The highest average productivity is noted at Bulgan-2 cherry (39,65 kg/tree). The research have shown that the optimum of nutrition area for the studied cherry forms is directly proportional to diameter of crown. The index optimal trees number on hectare is inversely proportional to an index of the optimal nutrition area of plants. The productivity of 75 % of the studied cherry forms is higher, than the productivity of a control variety. It is specified that the promising forms of cherry with a high of productivity index can be used for restoration of the existing orchards, for the laying of highly productive industrial gardens and for the use in the breeding research.