Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
On the territory of Krasnodar region, grapevines have been cultivated since ancient times. However, the study of the gene pool of local wild grapes remains an open question. This study is devoted to the research of wild growing grapevines found in the area of Tonkiy cape of Gelendzhik city. The ecological-geographical and climatic conditions of this territory can be considered as a favorable place for the growth of wild grapevines. Seven samples of vines were found, having some similarities and differences in ecological, biological and morphological indicators. Most of the studied samples are dioecious plants – there are samples with male and female flower types. No inflorescences were found on the one specimen. The material for DNA analysis was selected from the found grape samples. DNA was isolated by CTAB method from herbarized apical leaves. Genotyping of wild-growing forms was performed by microsatellite loci: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZag62, VrZag79 which are used as a standard set for grape varieties DNA fingerprinting, as well as by loci UDV737 and CenGen6, which are linked to locus of resistance to downy mildew Rpv3 and powdery mildew Ren9, respectively. Target fragments, the size of which indicates the presence of resistance genes, were not detected by DNA markers UDV737 and CenGen6. The obtained DNA profiles on microsatellite loci showed genetic differences of the vines in the analyzed sample. On average, 5 types of alleles per locus were identified. Cluster analysis of DNA profiling data showed that one of the found vines differs from the rest most significantly, the remaining samples were distributed into two subclusters of two and four genotypes according to the results of the analysis.
The yield capacity of tea plantations, the quality of the collected raw materials directly depends on the amount of precipitation, especially in summer. In this regard, the efforts of scientists are aiming on studying the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of tea plants resistance to high temperatures. Stress induction in vitro is an alternative tool for studying these processes in depth. To select drought-resistant genotypes, we simulated moisture deficiency in vitro by adding a selective agent, polyethylene glycol (PEG – 30 g/l), to the nutrient medium. Osmotic stress was studying by conductometric method, in terms of the electroconductivity of tissues and the stability of cell membranes. Of the whole studied group of tea somaclones, only somaclone Sc-27 did not have an increase in the electroconductivity of leaf tissues and a reduce in the stability of cell membranes, which indicates its resistance to water deficiency. On these positions tissue damage in another plants, caused by the action of osmotic stress were observing. The research protocol also included the study of level expression the dehydrin 2 gene – DHN2, as the most informative genetic marker of drought resistance. Conducting PCR analysis showed that under water deficiency caused by the addition of PEG to the nutrient medium, the dehydrin 2 (DHN2) gene showed a high level of expression of Sc-27 somaclone. This confirms the direct relationship between the action of osmotic stress and the level of this marker expression. Significantly increased the expression of DHN2 gene with the addition of PEG, confirms the water deficiency in tea microplants, which is a trigger for the production of DHN2. Thus, during of osmotic stress inducted in vitro, among the studied somaclones of tea, Sc-27 demonstrated high adaptability to water deficit. The PCR analysis confirmed this by showing that the marker of drought resistance, the dehydrin 2 gene, were expressing much higher.
The work presents an analysis of territorial distribution of climatic factors that characterize the heat supply of the Crimean Peninsula territory. The materials used were the SRTM-3 electronic terrain model of the Crimean Peninsula and long-term meteorological observation data from 17 meteorological stations in Crimea and Sevastopol for the period of 1985-2020. To conduct the research, we have collected and analyzed meteorological information, necessary for calculating climatic factors that characterize heat supply of the Crimean Peninsula territory for grape production. In this regard, six climatic indicators related to the thermal conditions of the territory were selected: the Huglin heliothermal index, the Winkler index, the sum of temperatures above 10 ºÑ, the sum of temperatures above 20 ºÑ, the average temperature of growing season, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºÑ to the sum of temperatures above 10 ºC. To optimize the location of grapevine plantations, a comparative analysis of consistent patterns of spatial variation in the values of given climatic factors was carried out. It is established that the analyzed factors have similar patterns of variation under the influence of terrain, hydrological and geographical parameters of the territory. Therefore, the classification step of values of every analyzed factor was selected to match the class limits. According to the group of analyzed Factors characterizing the heat supply of the territory, a complex digital large-scale map of spatial distribution of heat supply on the Crimean Peninsula territory was constructed, according to which 5 classes were identified. The achieved developments can provide the basis for agro-ecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of viticultural and winemaking industry of the Republic of Crimea.
The article presents the results of studying the graft-rootstock combinations of domestic plum: Kubanskaya rannyaya, Renklod Altana, Velikaya sinyaya, Volgogradskaya, Bogatyrskaya, Zainap, Ispolinskaya, Berbank, Anna Shpet, Anzhelina, in the extremely arid Conditions of the Astrakhan region, Grafted onto medium-sized clonal Rootstocks VVA-1 and Evrika-99. According to climatic conditions, the study area belongs to a highly arid zone with an aridity coefficient of 0.11 ... 0.31 and is the most continental and arid part of the European territory of Russia, characterized by limited moisture, a high probability of dry years and high air temperatures. The absolute annual amplitude of air temperature is 70-80 ºC. There is very little annual precipitation – 250-260 mm per year. Against the background of very high evaporation, the moisture coefficient has very low values: 0.25-0.27. Summers are long and dry; winters are cold and have little snow. A sharp transition f rom an inclement winter to a hot summer, a lack of precipitation, and frequent droughts are a climatic feature of the region. The study of the water-holding capacity of domestic plum varieties in the specific climatic conditions of the Astrakhan region is timely and relevant. As a result of a comparative study of domestic plum varieties in terms of water-holding capacity of leaves in the arid conditions of the Astrakhan region, drought-resistant varieties were identified that are most adapted to the conditions of the region. The Bogatyrskaya variety has a good water-holding capacity on the VVA–1 rootstock, the water loss after withering was 56.3 %, on the Evrika-99 rootstock – the water loss of the Ispolinskaya variety after withering was 60.6 %. The Zainap variety is characterized by low resistance to stressors of the summer period, the water content of which was 42.7 %.
The article presents the results of an assessment of the sequestering potential of intensive type gardens for the subsequent use of data f or the purpose of recommendations on their involvement in agroclimatic projects. To date, on the basis of the available modern theoretical knowledge, as well as high-precision laboratory and analytical equipment, leading scientists around the world are monitoring organic carbon. And certain results have been achieved in this direction. Analysis of research by foreign scientists shows that perennial plantings have great potential for providing regulatory ecosystem services, such as the possibility of mitigating the effects of impending climate change due to carbon uptake by perennial plantings and increasing the sustainability of the agricultural industry. There is no doubt that there is an urgent need for careful step-by-step monitoring of organic carbon. In this regard, decarbonization is of strategic importance for agro-industrial regions focused on the intensification of the industry. To digitally assess the carbon sequestering ability, it is necessary to use all possible parts of the tree that fix carbon: leaves, wood of the main trunk of trees and branches cut annually, soil organic matter, including carbon of microbial biomass, as well as final products – fruits. This article presents materials that take into account the volume of fixed CO2 in the branches of trees subject to early spring pruning. Further development of agriculture in the republic may be associated with a large-scale transition of the crop industry, in general, and horticulture in particular to CCS-technologies (carbon capture and storage technologies). Such studies are designed to assist specialized professionals in making forecasts regarding the susceptibility of agricultural production to climate change in the future and indicate the available opportunities in overcoming emerging problems.