Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The characteristic of the processes of intensification in industrial fruit growing is given, their goals are defined. The main technological shifts of the technological structure formed in the domestic fruit growing are presented. Based on the analysis of the development of technological structures, the predicted technological shifts in the near future, the characteristic features of promising technologies in fruit growing, their criteria and signs are presented. Systemically presented factors-signs of intensification of fruit growing. The article reflects the retrospective of the intensification of industrial fruit growing on the basis of breeding and introduction of low-growing rootstocks and differentiated technologies formed with their participation. The main directions of intensification that increase the biopotential of agrocenosis are graphically presented. The analysis of the negative influence of chemical and technogenic factors on agroecocenoses, leading to bioresource deformations in the biocenosis, soil and soil microbiota, microbio -, acaro - and entomosystems, is carried out. The necessity of restoring and developing the reproductive capabilities of agroecosystems, mainly by biological methods, is proved, which include: the development of populations of rhizosphere microorganisms in the soil biota, the expansion of the range of applied biological products created on the basis of effective strains of beneficial microorganisms, the widespread use of various forms and methods to increase plant immunity, including elicitor-type preparations.
According to the results of studying the parameters of the crown of Golden Delicious apple tree plantations on clone rootstocks M 9, MM-106 and K 104, it was found that the K 104 tree is in the middle position be-tween M 9 and MM-106 in terms of growth strength. The cross-sectional area of the eight-year-old tree trunk on it is 68,4 cm2 . In the control variant, this value is 63,4 and 73,6 cm2 , respectively. The height of the trees on K 104 is 0.2-0.3m higher than on M 9 and 0,2-0,3m less than on MM-106. The growth of trees depends on the functioning of the root system, the development of which, in turn, is due to a number of factors the strength of the growth of rootstocks and varieties grafted on them, the planting scheme and growing conditions. The purpose of the research was to establish the mutual influence of tree aboveground part growth indicators on different rootstocks and the size of their root system. In our studies, it was determined that the most developed root system was in trees on K 104 rootstock, where the total number of roots was 417 pcs., which is 41 pcs. higher than in trees on MM-106 and 87 pcs. more than on M 9. The main mass of roots, 58.3% is located in the soil horizons of the 40-60 cm, while the root system of trees on a weak-growing rootstock M-9 is characterized by occurrence, mainly in the upper soil layers up to 40 cm. In the total mass of the roots of all rootstocks, the fraction up to 1 mm thick is 87.6-95.8 %. The relationship between the size of the underground and the above-ground parts of the trees, depending on the rootstocks, was established: the area of the root system was 1.3-1.7 times larger than the area of the crown.
This paper presents an analysis of changes in climatic factors (average annual air temperature, average annual precipitation, data provided by the meteorological station of Krasnodar) for a long-term study period (1961-2020) in the conditions of the Prikuban fruit zone of the Central Subzone. Analysis of climatic factors showed that the average annual temperature has increased by + 1.2 ºC over the past 30 years, and the average precipitation has decreased by 96.1 mm from 1991-2000. 18 sweet cherry varieties of local and foreign origin and their response to changes in the abiotic parameters of the climate were studied. 5 types of stress factors, most of which occur in the spring period, as well as their role in the formation of the generative potential of productivity of sweet cherry varieties, in particular for fruit buds, flowers, as well as yield capacity have been studied. The influence of spring frosts (in March, April) in the phenophase spreading of scales, extension of inflorescences, flowering on the death of structural elements of fruiting is shown. With this type of stress, the death of generative structures can range from 0 to 100 %, depending on the temperature factor and the phenophase of development. The yield capacity also varied significantly, with a slight damage to fruit buds of 15-30 % it was 13-45 kg/tree; with a damage of 30-100 % it was the minimum 0.0-4.5 kg/tree. Under abiotic stress in winter in the organic dormancy phenophase the death of fruiting elements was significant 90-95 %, and the yield capacity was correspondingly low 1.5-6.0 kg per tree. Local varieties of sweet cherries Alaya, Volshebnitsa, Mak, as well as introduced Krupnoplodnaya, which had better resistance to various types of stress, were identified.
The diversity of assortment and biological characteristics of grape varieties necessitates a careful approach to their selection in specific edaphoclimatic conditions. The significance of this approach has been relevant at all times, and in modern conditions it is significantly increasing, due to market relations dictating in which direction to develop, as well as an increase in the load of biotic environmental factors against the background of a decrease in the intensity of anthropogenic impact on the grape plant. Therefore, the optimization of the assortment when creating new vineyards remains the most important condition for ensuring high productivity, durability and economic efficiency of their cultivation. Grapes are a perennial crop that begins to fully fruiting in the fifth year after planting. In order to make sure the studied variety is suitable for specific conditions or not, at least another 5-6 years of observation are needed. Therefore, the experience of previous generations acquires special significance. History teaches not only not to repeat the mistakes of past years, but also which way to go forward. This article provides material devoted to the history of the formation of an assortment of industrial grapes in the territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the past. In terms of the area of vineyards and the gross yield of grapes, the republic was on the third place in the Russian Federation after the Republic of Dagestan and the Krasnodar region. The edaphoclimatic conditions are suitable here for the cultivation of grapes. Therefore, the experience gained by more than one generation of winegrowers and scientists should be the property of the younger generation.
The research was carried out in 2016-2019 at the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov region). The subject of the study is eight native Georgian grapevine varieties: Adreuli shavi, Amlakhu, Vernakhi, Goruli mtsvane, Grdzelmtevana, Grubela, Mujuretuli, Nakutvneuli. Control varieties were Sibirkovyi and Krasnostop Zolotovskiy the Don native varieties. It was found that the studied varieties had high rates of bud break (70-80.3 %). The average cluster weight varied from 74 g (Mujuretuli) to 459 g (Adreuli shavi). Most of the studied varieties had a high average cluster weight (Adreuli shavi 459 g, Grubela 428 g). The estimated yield capacity was shown: more than 17 t/ha had Adreuli shavi and Nakutvneuli varieties, high yield capacity (1217 t/ha) Goruli mtsvane, average yield capacity (from 9 to 12 t/ha) Grubela, Grdzelmtevana, Amlakhu, Vernakhi and two control varieties. Mujuretuli variety had low yield capacity (3.6 t/ha). Characteristics of grape yield were following: very high sugar content of berry juice (over 23 g/100 cm3 ) in Krasnostop Zolotovskiy and Grdzelmtevana varieties; high sugar content (2123 g/100 cm3 ) in Amlakhu, Mujuretuli, Goruli mtsvane, Sibirkovyi varieties. All studied varieties have passed the technological assessment, dry table wines (white or red) were prepared. Wines from the control varieties received high tasting marks of 8.88.9 points (on a 10-point scale). At the level or slightly lower were the grades for the wines from the Grubela (8.8) and Goruli mtsvane (8.7 points) varieties. According to the results of the research, white technical grapevine varieties Grubela, Goruli mtsvane, Grdzelmtevana, and red technical variety Nakutvneuli were identified as promising in terms of a set of economically valuable features and high quality of wine products. These varieties are also recommended to be used in breeding for creating varieties with high technological properties for high-quality winemaking.