Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The work gives an agrobiological assessment of various methods of growing self-root grape saplings. The influence of growth stimulators the rooting of grape cuttings and, therefore, increasing in the yield of high-quality saplings in the treatment of their basal ends has been studied. The use of growth stimulants during vegetative reproduction of grapes activates regeneration processes in grape cuttings, improves the development of roots and their engraftability in open soil schools. The engraftability of grape cuttings in school primarily depends on activity of the root formation process, since only the roots are able to absorb the water and mineral substances dissolved in it from the soil and direct them to their growth points. Now it has been established that any delay in the formation of roots in grape cuttings planted in schools leads to the rapid consumption of spare nutrients and water contained in the wood tissues, which are used in large quantities for the growth of shoots and leaves. This leads to the rapid drying of tissues and the death of grape cuttings planted in the school. When using shortened grape cuttings for reproduction, it becomes especially important to study techniques and methods that accelerate root formation in the cuttings, since such cuttings, due to the small volume of wood, have a smaller supply of nutrients and water. In this regard, the creation of conditions accelerating the passage of biochemical and physiological processes in the cutting tissues and directly affecting the regeneration processes, which means that their root formation and engraftment in the school is a primary task.
The article presents the results of assessing the physiological state of new self-rooted hybrid forms of table grape Akello, Artek, Valencia and Courage growing in the Krasnodar Territory in the summer period. The cultivar Livia of Russian selection was selected as a control. Artificial drought was simulated in a laboratory conditionS. After stress effect, the following physiological parameters of grape leaves were analyzed the degree of damage to cell membranes (based on the content of malondialdehyde, one of the products of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes), the relative water content, the quantum yield of the photochemical reaction of photosystem II, the content of chlorophyll a and the ratio of a/b chlorophylls. It was found that the most depressed month for the studied grape plants was July. This is evidenced by the averaged indicators of studied grape plants according to the analyzed parameters low values of photosynthesis and relative water content in the leaves and increased level of malondialdehyde, which determines the intensity of the development of oxidative processes by the influence of negative factors. The greatest adaptive potential in this month was revealed in the Artek hybrid form, which had high value of photosynthesis and a low level of malondialdehyde content. In August, the hybrid forms of Artek and Courage were characterized by high values of the relative water content in the leaves and low value of malondialdehyde, and besides the level of chlorophyll a fluorescence (quantum yield) did not change compared to July. The hybrid Valencia form had the highest value of malondialdehyde and the lowest value of relative water content during the summer period, which makes it the least resistant form among the studied. The hybrid form of Artek was identified as the most resistant form to influence of summer stress factors in the territory of Krasnodar region. Further, this form can be recommend for the creation of stable ampelocenoses.
TASKS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN AND ESTIMATE DOCUMENTATION FOR FRUIT PLANTATIONS LAYING
The various aspects and prospects of development of the design and estimate documentation regulating the main stages of laying and operation of perennial fruit plantations are considered. The relevance of the problem of a systematic approach to the complex of works related to the establishment of new modern and reconstruction of extensive perennial fruit plantations is determined by the legislative framework and the relevant Resolutions of the regional administration, as well as measures aimed at increasing in the production of high-quality fruit and berry products in the Krasnodar Territory. The tendencies of growth by years of the area of fruit plantations, laid by small agricultural enterprises that play an important role in the market economy, and diversified farms (secondary, additional industry), in almost all municipalities of the Krasnodar Territory, including on soils conditionally suitable for gardening, are revealed. In this regard, the responsibility of horticultural enterprises and industry specialists is increasing for the effective use of agricultural land allotted for a monoculture of a garden and the level of profitability of plantations, which is closely related to the design parameters of laid gardens. The tasks of design and estimate activities necessary to optimize the process of developing energy-resource-saving technological solutions have been determined. Constructive measures are proposed that are necessary for further optimization of work related to the development of pre-project documentation: systematization of data characterizing the prospects for the development of the fruit-growing industry depending on the zonal soil and climatic specifics (zonal and microzonal features), creation of an electronic database of horticultural soil resources of the region and their systematization according to agrochemical prpherties and type content and others. The prospects of work of the design and technological, search and design bureau of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW on the basis of systematization of working materials using electronic databases are outlined.
The paper present the experimental data of field studies in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory to optimize the load of grape bushes with shoots and bunches of the Livya variety on the Shasla × Berlandieri 41B rootstock on drip irrigation. The scheme of bushes planting is 3.8 × 2 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon. The soils are low-humus, powerful leached chernozems. The average annual air temperature on the zone condition is 12.5-13.0 º, the sum of active air temperatures is 3900- 4100 º, the maximum temperature during the plants growing season is plus 40 º, the minimum temperature in winter drops to minus 30 º. The annual amount of precipitation is 700-800 mm. Under these agroecological conditions, the grape variety Livya on the Shasla × Berlandieri 41B rootstock showed high responsiveness to optimizing the load of bushes with shoots and bunches. When the bushes are loaded with shoots of 26 pieces / bush and bunches are in the amount of 24 pieces / bush, the average weight of a grape bunch reaches the highest value and is 0.767 kg. The highest yield of 31 t / ha with the highest share of marketable yield of 97 % is formed when the bushes are loaded with shoots and bunches in the amount of 26 and 35 pcs / bush, respectively. With such regulations for the load of bushes, the average mass of a grape bunch is 15 % less and is 0.669 kg. The optimized regulation of the load of bushes with shoots and bunches in the amount of 26 and 35 pcs. / bush, respectively, can be recommended in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory for growing high yields and good quality of Livya grapes.
A differentiated approach to the selection of effective elements of agricultural technology of grape varieties and clones, the selection of bush shape, determination of bush loading and pruning length of fruit vines is a hot topic of research in cultivation of grapes clones of the European origin. The article presents the results of scientific research aimed at the development of new effective elements of technology for cultivation of clones of wine grape varieties in comparison with the traditional cultivation technology of classic varieties based on improving the system of bush training and increasing in the grape yield. In the course of work, the optimal parameters of agricultural practices were determined (type of training, bush shape, length of pruning and bush loading with shoots and crops), providing a more complete realization of the potential of clones and varieties under study. As a result of research conducted, it was found that the following studied clones of varieties Cabernet-Sauvignon 3-3-4, Muscat Belyi Urozhainyi, Rkatsiteli 48 Vysokourozhainyi and Chardonnay from Anapa, when using the developed elements of varietal agricultural technology, were characterized by good inflorescence initiation throughout the length of vine, rated as high and very high, while the K1 values exceeded this indicator of the control varieties by 4.3-27.0 %. In terms of cropping capacity, the studied clones of varieties exceed amounts of same indicator of the control example varieties by 32.9-62.5 % and differ in higher values of mass concentration of sugars in a juice of berries. In experimental variants, the largest increase in the profitability of grape production was observed when using the developed elements of varietal agricultural technology, and amounted to an average of 52.6-87.3 %.